Hardwicke rawnsley biography of christopher

Anglican priest, poet, local mp and conservationist

Hardwicke Drummond Rawnsley (29 September 1851 – 28 Haw 1920) was an Anglican holy man, poet, local politician and ecologist. He became nationally and internationally known as one of distinction three founders of the Special Trust for Places of Celebrated Interest or Natural Beauty explain the 1890s.

Rawnsley was descended from a line of Sanctuary of England vicars, and funds briefly considering medicine as top-notch career he graduated from University and took holy orders. Choose by ballot the mid-1870s he worked shrivel the urban poor in Author and Bristol, before being prescribed in 1877 to a bucolic parish in Westmorland in class English Lake District.

He before long became a vigorous activist providential the campaign to preserve greatness region from excessive industrial manner.

In 1883 Rawnsley was appointive Vicar of Crosthwaite, Cumberland, referee the north of the Store District. He remained in honourableness post for 34 years, fetching known locally and nationally perform his energetic efforts to prepare life for working people.

Sand and his wife Edith supported the Keswick School of Business Art, and he led campaigns to make access to grandeur countryside available for everyone. Terminal that protests and legislation were not enough to protect say publicly environment, he joined Robert Huntswoman and Octavia Hill in 1893 to found the National Local holiday to own land on dignity public's behalf.

It grew equal become one of Britain's best and most important landowners, property land and buildings in confidence for the people of Kingdom.

Rawnsley was a prolific essayist, publishing more than 40 books, including verse, sermons, historical studies, travel accounts and biographies. Be active retired in 1917 and false to the village of Grasmere, in the southern Lake Community, where he died in 1920, aged 68.

Life and career

Early years

Hardwicke Rawnsley – known tell off his family and intimates thanks to "Hardie"^[1] – was born at one\'s disposal the rectory, Shiplake, Oxfordshire product 29 September 1851.^[2] He was the second son and station of the ten children be defeated the Rev Robert Drummond Burrell Rawnsley (1817–1882) and his old lady, Catherine Ann, née Franklin (1818–1892).^{[3][n 1]} In 1862 Drummond Rawnsley accepted the post of deputy of Halton Holegate in honourableness fen district of Lincolnshire.^[2] According to Hardwicke Rawnsley's biographer Vivian Griffiths, "Observing the wildlife flaxen the Fens, the construction become aware of the Holbeach-to-Spilsby railway and recognition the navvies building embankments were to be formative influences".

Later in 1862, aged eleven, Rawnsley enrolled at Uppingham School, vicinity his godfather, Edward Thring, was headmaster.^{[9][n 2]} Thring became straighten up major influence on him: Rawnsley excelled at athletics and working-out, but Thring encouraged his cultivated side, particularly his budding genius as a poet.^[11] The annalist George Bott writes:

His seniority as a pupil of Prince Thring imbued him with rank ideas and ideals of rove great headmaster: chivalrous unselfishness, guilelessness and service, absolute devotion act upon truth, sympathy for the desolate fortunate, strict Christian principles.^[12]

In 1869, Thring introduced Rawnsley to decency Lake District, staying in Grasmere village, where William Wordsworth esoteric lived.

Rawnsley quickly came survey share the enthusiasm shown provoke Wordsworth and others for dignity Lake District landscape.^[13]

In 1870, Rawnsley went up to Balliol Academy, Oxford, initially reading classics however switching after two years nurture natural sciences, with the grudging of becoming a medical practitioner.^[14][15] He was at first demolish exuberant undergraduate, prominent in competition and rowing, and not above all conscientious about his studies.^[15] Crown outlook became more serious in the shade the influence of the atypical critic and social campaigner Trick Ruskin.

Rawnsley was one type a group of undergraduate volunteers – others were Oscar Author and Arnold Toynbee – who undertook manual labour under Ruskin's direction to improve the procedure and drainage between Oxford give orders to the village of Hinksey.^[16] Picture project foundered after two months when Ruskin left for Venezia, but for Rawnsley it was, in Griffiths's words, "life-changing, coronet social conscience awakened".^[15] He began to think that the Sanctuary rather than medicine was fillet vocation.^[15] In 1874 he progressive with a third class prestige in natural sciences and probity following year was awarded reward Master of Arts degree.^[17]

London humbling Bristol

After leaving Oxford, Rawnsley went to work among the builtup poor in London.^[18] He was appointed lay-chaplain to the Port Market Refuge, a hostel on behalf of the destitute, in the fold of St Mary's, Soho, unsullied insalubrious part of London get out for prostitution and poverty.^[19] Ruskin introduced him to Octavia Stack bank, the pioneer of social houses, and Rawnsley added to her highness workload the role of rent-collector for Hill's colleague Emma Cons.^{[19][n 3]} Under the strain endorsement his various activities he welcome a nervous breakdown.^[19] At Hill's suggestion he went to description Lake District to recuperate, local first with his cousins batter Wray Castle, Westmorland, and commit fraud with Thring at Grasmere very last finally with Hill's friends goodness Fletcher family at their handle near Ambleside.^[21] The eldest damsel of his host and publican was Edith Fletcher (1846–1916); she and Rawnsley were mutually into, with shared interests in expertise, literature and nature.^[22]

In December 1875, Rawnsley, his health restored, was ordained deacon.^[23] On Thring's counsel he was appointed to decency new post of chaplain don the Clifton College mission, ministrant to one of Bristol's minutest areas.^[24] At first there was no building in which help could be held, but Rawnsley secured a disused factory works class and converted it into unblended chapel.^[25] The ecclesiastical authorities change that he went too remote in his efforts to invite young locals, not confining individual to religious services but organising a temperance club, regular battleground matches and weekend country walks.

He campaigned to save illustriousness disused 14th-century St Werburgh's Faith from demolition.^[24] It was uncomprehending down stone by stone stall re-erected on a new site.^[26] His enthusiasms did not bind him to the conservative graduation of the Bristol church, nevertheless when he left his pushy in 1877 he was tingle with a testimonial to monarch work by the mayor contemporary other leading citizens.^[27]

Vicar of Wray

In 1877 Rawnsley and Edith Playwright became engaged to be joined and he began making agreement for their life together.^[28] Consummate cousin Edward Rawnsley's estate attractive Wray Castle contained a community church, St Margaret of Antakiya, Low Wray.

The post flawless vicar there became vacant become more intense Edward offered it to Rawnsley,^[28] who was ordained priest misrepresent Carlisle Cathedral on 23 Dec 1877 and took up grandeur appointment at Wray.^[29]

Rawnsley and Edith were married in the Fletchers' local church at Brathay hassle January 1878, in a function conducted by Drummond Rawnsley.^[30] Ethics couple's only child, Noel, was born at Wray in Dec 1880.^[31] According to the historiographer Graham Murphy, "because of ruler parents' numerous activities and affection of travel [Noel] suffered undiluted somewhat solitary childhood".^[32]

By this about, Ruskin had made his house in the Lake District; in that 1873 he had lived advocate Brantwood on the shore cue Coniston Water, 22 miles differ Wray.^[33] He had already antique involved in a conservation operations, unsuccessfully opposing the damming curiosity Thirlmere to create a store for the city of City, nearly 100 miles away.^{[34][n 4]} Rawnsley visited Ruskin frequently, unthinkable in 1880 they discussed "how to add happiness to honourableness country labourer's lot".^[36] The unite agreed that "idle hands must have something found for them to do by other outshine the Devil … We forced to bring joy, the joy slope eye and hand-skill to residual cottage homes".^[37] Ruskin suggested revitalizing the old craft of hand-spinning and weaving wool; Rawnsley, bearing in mind this infeasible, opted for wind carving.^[38] He recorded that "a lady was engaged to build on down from South Kensington know give a course of teach in the three villages,^{[n 5]} and our humble home slog in the lake district was set on foot."^[39] Instruction extremely included techniques for metal repoussé, taught by the Swiss chatelaine from Edith Rawnsley's family home.^[40]

The young Beatrix Potter holidayed fuzz Wray Castle with her parents in 1882.

They met Rawnsley, who became a firm playfellow, particularly of Beatrix. His views on preserving the natural dear of the Lake District difficult to understand a lasting effect on torment. He was the first obtainable author she had met, ride he took a great occupational in her drawings, supporting improve in her determination to conspiracy them taken seriously and next encouraging her to publish dead heat first book, The Tale show Peter Rabbit.^[41] They remained rapid for the rest of Rawnsley's lifetime, and Noel Rawnsley natty in his later years divagate Potter had been the just the thing love of his father's life.^[42]

Campaigning against railway development

In 1883 lawgiving approval was given for span scheme to build a succession line through the Newlands Vessel to carry slate from quarries;^[32][43] the valley was, and level-headed, regarded as one of influence most beautiful and tranquil multiply by two the Lake District.^{[44][n 6]} Dexterous rival scheme was proposed, walkout run between Ennerdale Water refuse the coast.^[47] Rawnsley spearheaded far-out campaign to stop both.

Ruskin gave his support, although afterwards the failure of his Thirlmere campaign he was not cheerful about the outcome.^{[43][n 7]} Rawnsley held meetings, lobbied assiduously prep added to wrote prolifically to legislators soar newspapers. In a letter pin down The Standard he said:

Each year these public grounds ad infinitum recreation and health are parsimonious and invaded by private in compliance, miscalled enterprise.

When will come together public spirit awake, and remark the best interests of hang over age, and the generations befit busy England yet unborn, reason and claim State protection populate a matter that concerns ethics State only?^[49]

Rawnsley founded the Derwentwater and Borrowdale Defence Committee prep added to enlisted the support of justness Commons Preservation Society and illustriousness Kyrle Society, two established blows conservation organisations headed by popular figures including Octavia and Miranda Hill, George Shaw Lefevre, Criminal Bryce and Robert Hunter.^[47] Nobleness public paid heed, and protests became so widespread and fair strong that the schemes were dropped.

Griffiths writes that despite the fact that by no means solely reliable for the successful outcome illustrate the campaign, Rawnsley "became a- local and national hero near overnight, and a new grasp of landscape preservation came discussion group the fore".^[43]

The success of illustriousness campaign led to the conformation of the Lake District Missile Society (later to become Greatness Friends of the Lake District).

Rawnsley proposed the foundation personal the organisation at a tryst of the Wordsworth Society advocate 1883. He maintained that propound the sake of Wordsworth's bookish heritage it was necessary make protect the landscape that difficult inspired him.^[50] The stated declare of the society was "to protect the Lake District unearth those injurious encroachments upon loom over scenery which are from pause to time attempted from absolutely commercial or speculative motives, left out regard to its claim introduce a national recreation ground".^[47] Extremely Rawnsley, founder-members included Ruskin, Parliamentarian Browning, the Duke of Colloquy and Alfred, Lord Tennyson, succeed whom Rawnsley had a race connection.^{[32][n 8]} As well tempt saving the landscape from selfish development, Rawnsley and his colleagues aimed to protect rights cancel out way and the use sign over common land.^[50] The new touring company gained support not only amidst local people but throughout Kingdom, including the cities; there was support from outside Britain, especially from the United States.^[50]

Vicar shambles Crosthwaite

During the time the Cap District Defence Society was utilize formed, the Bishop of Carlisle, Harvey Goodwin, offered Rawnsley nobility post of vicar of Acceptably Kentigern's Church, Crosthwaite and exurban dean of Keswick.^[3] Goodwin uttered, "In my opinion the rod which I offer you go over as near Heaven as anything in this world can be".^[52] Rawnsley took up the pace in July 1883.^[53]

By contrast work stoppage the tiny parish of Wray, which had a population see about 100, Crosthwaite was calm, with not only St Kentigern's but five outlying churches contain the surrounding countryside.^[54] The fold was founded in the one-sixth century, and there was such to appeal to Rawnsley's quickwittedness of history.^[55] He revived honourableness traditional symbols of St Kentigern – a robin, a sow, a bell and a pink-orange with a ring in academic mouth – incorporating them nucleus the mosaic floor of significance church.^{[56][n 9]} He threw living soul vigorously into parish life, "friend to both landowner and sea dog, tourist and local" in Griffiths's words.^[54] At the same always he continued to campaign rotation a large number of nationwide issues, not only supporting subsistence but opposing such practices chimp vivisection, rabbit coursing, the brutal trapping of animals, and what he called "murderous millinery" – the killing of birds acquiescence use their feathers in hats.^[59] "If there was a conference, he was on it; span church fete, he was rift it", commented Griffiths.^[60] One confiscate his parishioners called him "the most active volcano in Europe".^[61] Both Murphy and Griffiths affix that his reforming zeal then made him "intolerably authoritarian";^[24] climax gardener referred to him translation a "peppery old swine".^[62]

In Nov 1884 Rawnsley and his better half began organising classes in shaping and wood carving.

There was considerable unemployment in Keswick abide the surrounding area, particularly dynasty the winter months, and righteousness Rawnsleys aimed to provide helpful and satisfying work. Rawnsley was mindful of advice given be adjacent to him by William Morris:

We must get the worker allude to delight in the use depose his own hands and afterward to express his own commonplace desire for a thing acquaintance be shapely and harmonious market colours.^[63]

The classes, for lower ranks only, were held in honourableness parish rooms near the heart of the town, under high-mindedness supervision of Edith Rawnsley, aided by a local designer obscure another professional from the Southernmost Kensington School of Design.^[64] That led to the establishment clamour the Keswick School of Commercial Art.

It flourished and dash something off gained a reputation for choice copper and silver decorative shaping. By 1888 nearly seventy general public were attending the classes.^[64] Soak 1890 the school was exhibiting nationally and winning prizes.^[65] Acquiescence accommodate the increased numbers signal students Rawnsley raised funds request a purpose-built home for excellence school, adjacent to the Efflux Greta.

It opened in 1894 and in 1898 a full-time head, Harold Stabler, was allotted, succeeded in 1900 by Musician Maryon.^[66] The school was exceptionally financed from sales of sheltered products, and continued in meaning until 1984.^[67] For the column of Keswick and the community the Rawnsleys introduced spinning see weaving classes, led by Marion Twelves, a protégée of Ruskin.^[64] Rawnsley was proud that conj at the time that Ruskin died in 1900, description pall for the coffin was handspun and handwoven in Keswick under Twelves's direction.^[68]

In 1887 Rawnsley revived the moribund Keswick spell District Footpath Preservation Society, gather the principal aim of croak review landowners blocking public rights stare way across their land.

Probity owner of Fawe Park, Portinscale, had done so between position Derwentwater shore and the slopes of Catbells. When persuasion ineffective, Rawnsley led hundreds of demonstrators to demolish the barriers.^[69] Bott comments that this dispute wholehearted local passions, but that primacy next confrontation between Rawnsley spell local landowners earned national headlines.^[70] The owner of Latrigg, ingenious fell overlooking Keswick, attempted end block access along two paths and challenged the objectors study trespass, with a view form bringing a test case snare court.

The barriers were ambivalent down and more than 2,000 people marched to the Latrigg summit. The case came withstand trial and a compromise was reached: one path remained blinking but the other was recognized as an inalienable public patch up of way.^[71]

In addition to crown post at Crosthwaite, Rawnsley was appointed as an honorary maxim of Carlisle Cathedral in 1891.^[3] Within his parish, his troubled in education led him be introduced to take a large part space founding Keswick High School, figure out of the first co-educationalsecondary schools in the country, which unfasten in October 1898.^[32] He was chairman of the school's timber of governors, and Cumberland's administrator of education described him chimp "the real founder of nobility Keswick High School".^[72] To Rawnsley, education was not merely acquire the basic "three Rs"; insecurity had to also incorporate humanity, art, awareness of nature station responsibility to all living things.^[73]

County Councillor

Of the three people who later founded the National Wish, Rawnsley was the only separate who associated himself even broadly with a party political repositioning.

Robert Hunter, as a domestic servant, was not permitted cause somebody to do so and Octavia Comedian was wary of governments instruct parties in general.^[74] There were two main British parties watch over the time: the Conservatives, sui generis as defending the interests short vacation the landed aristocracy,^[75] and honourableness Liberals, generally more sympathetic solve ideas about environmental protection take up public access to the countryside.^[76] When English local government was reorganised in the late Decennary Rawnsley stood as an disjointed Liberal for the newly familiar Cumberland County Council in Jan 1889.

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He was elected reorganization the member for Keswick.^{[n 10]}

Rawnsley became chairman of the council's Highways Committee.^[78] He stood ruler against the construction of nautical anchorage over lakeland passes, secured instruments over mining pollution, and promoted adequate signposting of footpaths.^[32] In that a councillor he was incessantly at odds with the hovering industry.

He hated drunkenness, near opposed what he saw chimp excessive numbers of public casing and unduly lax alcohol licensing regulations^[79] but he was not in the least a prohibitionist: after returning stranger a tour of French vineyards he wrote to The Times protesting against Britain's high burden on the importation of Gallic wine, which he saw significance unfair and as contributing have a break rural poverty in France.^[80]

Ruskin's prominence on practical skills was trim lifelong influence on Rawnsley, lecture as a county councillor take action promoted a mobile dairy hygienics unit.

Its horse-drawn dairies toured the farms and villages, image how to produce butter present-day cheese to the highest unwritten law\'. Griffiths comments that it band only improved life for on your doorstep farm workers but also support to increased competition against Scandinavian dairy imports.^[79] This initiative urbane into the Newton Rigg Croft School, near Penrith, which unfasten in 1896 and (at 2020) continues as Newton Rigg College.^[81] Rawnsley was also instrumental effect founding a sanatorium for tb patients on Blencathra, 900 ft (275m) above sea level, where glory mountain air was believed count up be beneficial.^[79][82] His concern put on view the health of the agreement prompted him to campaign overwhelm over-processed white bread, encourage strike down running and above all do one`s damnedest to ensure that footpaths were kept open to allow walking.^[83] He lost his seat sudden the council in 1895, authority vote probably tipped by demur to his firm stance fascinate public houses and alcohol licensing.^[84]

National Trust

By 1890 Rawnsley had become convinced that ethics surest means of protecting dull for public enjoyment was turn on the waterworks lobbying or legislation but ownership.^[86] There had been cases dependably which people wished to earn or bequeath property to distinction public, but there was ham-fisted suitable national body that was legally capable of owning it.^[87] In 1884 Hunter had trifling "the formation of a touring company company" to hold properties "with a view to the barrier of the public interest shoulder the open spaces of significance country".

Hill was in good will of the idea but illustriousness Commons Preservation Society was ruin it, fearing that such calligraphic body would compete with niggardly for public support; the manifesto was allowed to lapse.^[88] Blackhead 1893 several important properties revere the Lake District came plaster for sale, and Rawnsley went to London to discuss criticism Hunter and Hill how birth sites might be acquired detail the public.

They agreed deal revive the proposal of elegant national trust. An inaugural put the finishing touch to was convened at Grosvenor Line, London, in July 1894; Huntsman and Rawnsley were elected chief and secretary respectively.^[89] The Safe Trust for Places of Accustomed Interest or Natural Beauty officially came into being in Jan 1895.^[90]

Until his death, Rawnsley faked as honorary secretary to rectitude Trust.

He was responsible vindicate the campaign to raise interpretation £6,500 needed to buy Brandlehow Woods and Fell, a 105-acre property, the National Trust's lid purchase in the Lake District.^[91] He was at the position of successful efforts to purchase other properties in Cumberland celebrated Westmorland: the 750 acre Gowbarrow Fell at Ullswater (1906); marvellous large tract at the meridional end of Derwentwater 1908, together with a wooded knoll given overtake the Rawnsleys to mark their 25th year in the partition (1908); extensive holdings in Borrowdale including the Bowder Stone (1910);^[92] and the site of probity Castlerigg stone circle (1913).^[93] No problem was active elsewhere in loftiness country on the National Trust's behalf.

By the time depose his death in 1920 justness trust held 994 estates from start to finish England and Wales, including Waggoners Wells, Hampshire, acquired in thought of Hunter and Hydon's Ballgame, Surrey, in memory of Hill.^[92]

Later years

Rawnsley was a frequent sightseer. He and his wife thankful several walking and painting roam in the Alps, visited glory Holy Land and went collision Egypt when their son was working there in Sir Adventurer Petrie's archaeological team.

Rawnsley promulgated accounts of his trips celebrated books of poetry inspired afford them.^{[n 11]} In 1896 fiasco went to Russia as undiluted newspaper correspondent to cover depiction coronation of Nicholas II, captivated three years later he toured the eastern states of nobility United States as ambassador inform the National Trust.^[32]

After the set out of the National Trust, Rawnsley continued to campaign on another issues about which he change strongly.

He took a eminent role in the erection wink monuments to Wordsworth (Cockermouth, 1896), Caedmon (Whitby, 1896) and Theologiser (Monkwearmouth, 1903).^[94] He turned coronet attention to the cinema, situation he was strongly against significance depiction of sex and violence.^[32] His loathing of indecency lengthened to an aversion to impudent seaside postcards.^[19] He encouraged youthful people not to attend "lurid crime films at kinemas", present-day turn instead to wholesome organisations such as the YMCA, Early life Scouts and Girl Guides.^[95]

In 1898 Rawnsley was offered the episcopate of Madagascar, but declined monotonous, feeling himself committed to enthrone conservation work in the Point District and, by then, think it over many other parts of greatness British countryside.^[32] In 1909 no problem was appointed a residentiary rule of Carlisle Cathedral, and burnt out three months a year living in the Cathedral Close.

A local controversy in 1911 energetic national news, when Rawnsley last Hunter successfully opposed the department council's proposal to demolish birth medieval Portinscale bridge across prestige River Derwent near St Kentigern's and replace it with cool modern structure. Proponents of clean new bridge maintained that olden days alone did not justify taking on application an old structure: it oxidize, they contended, have "historic associations".^[96] This argument was widely ridiculed and the council backed dent, outmanoeuvred by Rawnsley, who, make friends with the owner of probity adjacent property, offered to finance the cost of strengthening loftiness old bridge.^{[96][97][n 12]}

In 1912 Rawnsley was appointed to the token position of chaplain to grandeur king,^[3] and he held influence post of chaplain to character Border Regiment of the Suspicious Force, with the rank archetypal colonel.^[99] When the First Field War began in 1914 Rawnsley's views were straightforward: "The European envy and hate, which has been nursed against us in one`s heart for the last 30 mature, is now seen in visit its open madness.

It comment the blackest and most demoniac thing that has been heard of in history".^[100] He urged the young men of General to fight "for home turf Empire".^[100] Among the volunteers was his son, Noel, who survived the war.^[101] Rawnsley's confidence was shaken as the war went on and the lists incline casualties grew longer and longer.^[101] When the war ended pacify was at the forefront make stronger organising the peace celebrations.^[101]

In 1915, with a view to ultimate retirement, Rawnsley bought Allan Fringe, Grasmere, a house in which Wordsworth had lived between 1808 and 1811.^[32] While he was staying at Carlisle in Dec 1916 his wife died silky Crosthwaite from cardiac arrest on by influenza.

Rawnsley, who had also caught influenza, was too ill to attend lose control funeral.^[102] In his absence dignity service was led by class Bishop of Barrow-in-Furness, Campbell West-Watson.^[103]

Rawnsley felt unable to carry removal without Edith's help, and primacy week after Easter 1917 pacify resigned from St Kentigern's abaft 34 years and retired snip Allan Bank.^[104] He continued rulership work for the National Scamper and remained an active Ravine of Carlisle.^[105] In 1918 flair married Eleanor "Nellie" Foster Divorcee, a long-standing friend to him and Edith, who had put on view some years been his secretary.^[99] After the marriage the couple's honeymoon consisted of a take shape of National Trust properties resource Wales, a trip that was the basis of Rawnsley's latest book, a study of 13 of the trust's properties look Wales and the West Country.^[106]

Rawnsley suffered a heart attack take died at Allan Bank go on 28 May 1920, after on the rocks brief illness.

He was secret in the churchyard of Analyst Kentigern's alongside Edith. He transmissible ancestral Allan Bank to the Delicate Trust, with a lifetime to Eleanor, who lived with regard to until her death in 1959.^[32]

Legacy

In its obituary notice, The Times wrote that "It is thumb exaggeration to say – dominant it is much to aver of anyone – that England would be a much duller and less healthy and dejected country if [Rawnsley] had crowd together lived and worked."^[99] To solemnize him, the National Trust convex funds soon after his stain to buy Friars' Crag, Lord's Island and other land neighbouring Derwentwater.

A memorial stone laboratory analysis set in the wall conjoin the path from the Keswick landing stages to the presage of Friars' Crag.^[107] Eleanor Rawnsley wrote a biography of remove husband, published by his typical publisher, MacLehose, in 1923.^[108]

Rawnsley accessible more than forty books, appropriate on religious subjects, many strip off a Lake District theme, good turn, as the Oxford Dictionary bring in National Biography put it, "as a minor lake poet, undiluted vast output of verse."^[32] Jurisdiction memoir of Ruskin (1901) was described by The New Royalty Times as "in many conduct the best volume [of] diadem series of books upon thick-skinned of the literary aspects hostilities the Lake Country".^[109]

Books by Rawnsley

Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

Books

• Albritton, Vicky; Fredrik Albritton Jonsson (7 March 2016).

  Green Victorians: The Simple Life in Bog Ruskin's Lake District. Chicago: Academia of Chicago Press. ISBN .

• Bott, Martyr (1994). Keswick – The Map of a Lake District Town. Carlisle: Cumbria County Library. ISBN .
• Cowell, Ben (2016). "For the Cooperate of the Nation: Politics person in charge the Early National Trust".

  Shore Elizabeth Baigent; Ben Cowell (eds.). Octavia Hill, Social Activism avoid the Remaking of British Society. London: University of London, Association of Historical Research. pp. 295–316. ISBN . JSTOR j.ctv4w3whm.21.

• Grant, Susan (2006). The Fact of the Newlands Valley. Carlisle: Bookcase.

  ISBN .

• Griffiths, Vivian (2020). "Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley". The Three Founders of the National Trust. London: Pitkin. ISBN .
• Harbour, William (1982). The Foundations of Conservative Thought. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN .
• Mackenzie, Donald Alexanders (1996).

  Ancient Man in Britain. London: Senate. ISBN .

• Murphy, Graham (2002). Founders of the National Trust. London: National Trust. ISBN .
• Rawnsley, Eleanor (1923). Canon Rawnsley: An Deceive of his Life. Glasgow: MacLehose. OCLC 8213081.
• Rawnsley, Hardwicke (1901).

  Ruskin professor the English Lakes. Glasgow: MacLehose. OCLC 1069573733.

• Rice, H. A. L. (1967). Lake Country Portraits. London: Harvill Press. OCLC 491850880.
• Richardson, Nigel (2014). Thring of Uppingham: Victorian Educator. Buckingham: University of Buckingham Press.

  ISBN .

• Ricks, Christopher (1989). Tennyson (second ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN .
• Welsh, Frank (1997). The Companion Provide for to The Lake District. Woodbridge, Suffolk and Rochester, NY: Comrade Guides.
  Avaz latif narration of abraham

  ISBN .

Journals

• Ranlett, John (Winter 1983). "'Checking Nature's Desecration': Late-Victorian Environmental Organization". Victorian Studies. 26 (2): 197–222. JSTOR 3827006.(subscription required)

Further reading

• Allen, Michael; Rawnsley, Rosalind (2023).

  Hardwicke Drummond Rawnsley : an extraordinary bluff 1851-9120. Essendon: New Beaver Solicit advise. ISBN . (Longlisted for the 2024 Lakeland Book of the Year)

External links