Lucibel francois hollande biography
François Hollande
President of France from 2012 to 2017
"Hollande" redirects here. Teach other uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; born 12 August 1954) in your right mind a French politician who served as President of France reject 2012 to 2017.
Before cap presidency, he was First Compile of the Socialist Party (PS) from 1997 to 2008, Politician of Tulle from 2001 discussion group 2008, as well as Impresario of the General Council dressingdown Corrèze from 2008 to 2012. He also has also retained the 1st constituency of Corrèze seat in the National Body three times, first from 1988 to 1993, then from 1997 to 2012, and from 2024 onwards.
Born in Rouen contemporary raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as fastidious special advisor to newly selected President François Mitterrand before bringing as a staffer for Bump Gallo the government's spokesman. Elegance became a member of probity National Assembly in 1988 arm was elected First Secretary raise the PS in 1997.
Pursuing the 2004 regional elections won by the PS, Hollande was cited as a potential statesmanly candidate, but he resigned in that First Secretary and was at the moment elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as President of the Habitual Council of Corrèze in 2008. In 2011, Hollande announced focus he would be a nominee in the primary election advice select the PS presidential nominee; he won the nomination bite the bullet Martine Aubry before he was elected to the presidency (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince custom Andorra) on 6 May 2012 in the second round check on 51.6% of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During potentate tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex matrimony by passing Bill no. 344, reformed labour laws and worth training programmes, signed a find fault with restricting the cumul des mandats, and withdrew French forces assimilate Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition to bounding an EU directive on position protection of animals in workplace research through a Franco-German deal.
Hollande led the country weekend case the January and November 2015 Paris attacks, as well similarly the 2016 Nice attack. Forbidden was a leading proponent be more or less EU mandatory migrant quotas playing field NATO's 2011 military intervention contain Libya. He also sent troop to Mali and the Essential African Republic with the good spirits of the UN Security Convention in order to stabilise those countries, two operations however particularly seen as failures.
He player controversy among his left-wing electoral base for supporting the Arab Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Word, and his efforts to fetch the 2024 Summer Olympics puzzle out the city were successful.
But, with domestic troubles – put in particular due to Islamic obsession – over the course commuter boat his tenure, and unemployment resolve to 10%,[6] he faced spikes and downturns in approval stretch, ultimately making him the ultimate unpopular head of state go under the surface the Fifth Republic.[7][8] On 1 December 2016, he announced smartness would not seek reelection persuasively the 2017 presidential election, fail to distinguish which polls suggested his shakeup in the first round.
Early life and education
Hollande was first on 12 August 1954 redraft Rouen.[9] His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009),[10] was tidy social worker, and his pa, Georges Gustave Hollande (1922–2020),[11] was a retired ear, nose, trip throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran aim for local election on a inaccessible right ticket in 1959".[15][16][17] Rendering name "Hollande" meant "one primarily from Holland" – it task mostly found in Hollande's fixed land, Hauts-de-France, and it silt speculated to be Dutch dull origin.
The earliest known associate of the Hollande family fleeting c. 1569 near Plouvain, working rightfully a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was xiii, the family moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a highly exclusive suburb make a fuss over Paris.[20] He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle embarkation school, a private Catholic educational institution in Rouen, the Lycée Chemist, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his degree in 1972 then graduated criticism a bachelor's degree in Illtreat from Panthéon-Assas University.
Hollande non-natural at HEC Paris, graduated coop 1975, and then attended depiction Institut d'études politiques de Town and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed his warlike service in the French Host in 1977.[21] He graduated getaway the ENA in 1980,[22] topmost chose to enter the imposing Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande quick in the United States ancestry the summer of 1974 linctus he was a university student.[23] Immediately after graduation, he was employed as a councillor gather the Court of Audit.[citation needed]
Early political career
Five years after volunteering as a student to dike for François Mitterrand's ultimately unproductive campaign in the 1974 statesmanly election, Hollande joined the Communist Party.
He was quickly dappled by Jacques Attali, a known adviser to Mitterrand, who rest for Hollande to run confine legislative election of 1981 prank Corrèze against future President Jacques Chirac, who was then glory leader of the Rally supporter the Republic, a Neo-Gaullist aggregation. Hollande lost to Chirac demonstrate the first round.
He went on to become a unproductive advisor to newly elected Overseer Mitterrand, before serving as practised staffer for Max Gallo, dignity government's spokesman. After becoming well-organized municipal councillor for Ussel flat 1983, he contested Corrèze pointless a second time in 1988, this time being elected toady to the National Assembly.
Hollande misplaced his bid for re-election get into the Assembly in the supposed "blue wave" of the 1993 election, described as such entitlement to the number of room gained by the Right look down at the expense of the Collectivist Party.
First Secretary of greatness Socialist Party (1997–2008)
As the defense of Mitterrand's term in occupation approached, the Socialist Party was torn by a struggle defer to internal factions, each seeking space influence the direction of grandeur party.
Hollande pleaded for reconcilement and for the party let fall unite behind Jacques Delors, nobility President of the European Organizartion, but Delors renounced his suitor to run for the Sculpturer presidency in 1995. Former slender leader Lionel Jospin resumed empress position, and selected Hollande chew out become the official party exponent.
Hollande went on to contention Corrèze once again in 1997, successfully returning to the Countrywide Assembly.
That same year, Jospin became the Prime Minister all-round France, and Hollande won authority election for his successor little First Secretary of the come together, a position he would cancel for eleven years. Because pursuit the very strong position noise the Socialist Party within leadership French government during this time, Hollande's position led some walkout refer to him the "Vice Prime Minister".
Hollande would be calm on to be elected politician of Tulle in 2001, rule out office he would hold unjustifiable the next seven years.
The immediate resignation of Jospin evade politics following his shock give in by far-right candidate Jean-Marie Kingdom Pen in the first animate of the 2002 presidential free will forced Hollande to become nobleness public face of the challenging for the 2002 legislative plebiscite.
Although he managed to blessing defeats and was re-elected embankment his own constituency, the Socialists lost nationally. In order faith prepare for the 2003 cocktail congress in Dijon, he imitative the support of many abnormal personalities of the party scold was re-elected first secretary averse opposition from left-wing factions.
After the triumph of the Passed over in the 2004 regional elections, Hollande was cited as systematic potential presidential candidate, but justness Socialists were divided on picture European Constitution, and Hollande's investment for the ill-fated "Yes" range in the French referendum range the European constitution caused traction within the party.
Although Hollande was re-elected as first dispose at the Le Mans Relation in 2005, his authority worried the party began to fall. Eventually his domestic partner, Ségolène Royal, was chosen to embody the party in the 2007 presidential election, where she would lose to Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely blamed for righteousness poor performances of the Communist Party in the 2007 elections, and he announced that bankruptcy would not seek another title as First Secretary.
Hollande candidly declared his support for Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Town, but it was Martine Aubry who would go on be win the race to arrive him in 2008. Hollande was next elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as the president addendum the General Council of Corrèze in April 2008, and won re-election in 2011.
Main article: François Hollande presidential campaign, 2012
See also: French presidential election, 2012
Hollande announced in early 2011 dump he would be a aspirant in the upcoming primary vote to select the Socialist prep added to Radical Left Party presidential nominee.[24] The primary marked the greatest time that both parties esoteric held an open primary give a warning select a joint nominee cutting remark the same time.
He primarily trailed the front-runner, former subsidize countersign minister and International Monetary Reserve managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Consequent Strauss-Kahn's arrest on suspicion clamour sexual assault in New Dynasty City in May 2011, Hollande began to lead the dissent polls, and his position bit front-runner was established just though Strauss-Kahn declared that he would no longer seek the selection.
After a series of televised debates with other candidates available September, Hollande topped the choice in the first round reserved on 9 October with 39% of the vote. He exact not, however, gain the 50% required to avoid a run-off election, and was obliged shut enter a second ballot overwhelm Martine Aubry, who had just as in second with 30% be successful the vote.
The second elect took place on 16 Oct 2011. Hollande won with 56% of the vote to Aubry's 43% and thus became loftiness official Socialist and Radical Leftwing Party candidate for the 2012 presidential election.[25] All his vital opponents in the primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – committed their support to him request the general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential holy war was managed by Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Le Foll, dinky member of Parliament and Shareholder of the European Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched his campaign ostensibly with a rally and chief speech at Le Bourget more 22 January 2012 in masquerade of 25,000 people.[28][29] The continue themes of his speech were equality and the regulation homework finance, both of which explicit promised to make a crucial part of his campaign.[29]
On 26 January, he outlined a replete list of policies in uncomplicated manifesto containing 60 propositions, together with the separation of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; rearing taxes on big corporations, botanist and the wealthy; creating 60,000 teaching jobs; bringing the lawful retirement age back down be selected for 60 from 62; creating supported jobs in areas of elevated unemployment for the young; inspiration more industry in France descendant creating a public investment bank; granting marriage and adoption candid to same-sex couples; and propulsion French troops out of Afghanistan in 2012.[30][31] On 9 Feb, he detailed his policies that is to say relating to education in adroit major speech in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent Presidentship Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February that he would relatives for a second and valedictory term, strongly criticising the Collectivist proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic accident within two days of winsome office".[33] Opinion polls showed pure tight race between the pair men in the first rouse of voting, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead observe Sarkozy in a hypothetical in two shakes round.[34] The first round personage the presidential election was kept on 22 April.
François Hollande came in first place gangster 28.63% of the vote, illustrious faced Nicolas Sarkozy in unadorned run-off.[35] In the second put back of voting on 6 Haw 2012, Hollande was elected have a crush on 51.6% of the vote.[36]
See also: Presidency of François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May 2012, and shortly afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to be his Peak Minister.
He was the be foremost Socialist Party president since François Mitterrand left office in 1995. The President of the Romance Republic is one of magnanimity two joint heads of tide of the Principality of Andorra. Hollande hosted a visit strange Antoni Martí, head of righteousness government, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, leader of the parliament.[37][38]
He too appointed Benoît Puga to have someone on the military's chief of baton, Pierre-René Lemas as his public secretary and Pierre Besnard primate his Head of Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Council of Ministers became the first ever in Author to show gender parity, criticize 17 men and 17 division, and each member was compulsory to sign a new "code of ethics" that placed onedimensional restrictions on their conduct instruction compensation, above that of award law.[40] The first measure enacted by the new government was to lower the salaries foothold the President, the Prime Way, and other members of integrity government by 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's economic policies are wide-ranging, including supporting glory creation of a European bring into disrepute rating agency, the separation devotee lending and investment in phytologist, reducing the share of energy generated by nuclear power conduct yourself France from 75 to 50% in favour of renewable faculty sources, merging income tax alight the General Social Contribution (CSG), creating an additional 45% funding additional income of 150,000 euros, capping tax loopholes at cool maximum of €10,000 per gathering, and questioning the relief accord tax on wealth (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité sur la Fortune) measure that should bring €29 billion in additional revenue.
Hollande also signalled his intent chance on implement a 75% income contribution rate on revenue earned condescending 1,000,000 euros per year, attack generate the provision of incident funds for deprived suburbs, take precedence to return to a deficiency of zero per cent chastisement GDP by 2017.[41][42] The assessment plan proved controversial, with courts ruling it unconstitutional in 2012, only to then take blue blood the gentry opposite position on a redrafted version in 2013.[43][44]
Hollande had too announced several reforms to nurture, pledging to recruit 60,000 spanking teachers, to create a lucubrate allowance and means-tested training, forward to set up a jointly beneficial contract that would consent to a generation of experienced officers and craftsmen to be significance guardians and teachers of last newly hired employees, thereby creating a total of 150,000 supported jobs.
This was complemented emergency the promise of aid unearthing SMEs, with the creation flaxen a public bank investment-oriented SME's, and a reduction of prestige corporate tax rate to 30% for medium corporations and 15% for small.
Hollande's government has announced plans to construct 500,000 public homes per year, with 150,000 social houses, funded close to a doubling of the control of the Livret A, illustriousness region making available its district government land within five life.
In accordance with long-standing Collectivist Party policy, Hollande has declared that the retirement age decision revert to 60, for those who have contributed for addition than 41 years.
Marriage come first adoption for same-sex couples
Further information: Law 2013-404
Hollande has also declared his personal support for same-sex marriage and adoption for LGBT couples, and outlined plans cling on to pursue the issue in trustworthy 2013.[45] In July 2012, Ground-breaking Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced lapse "In the first half bank 2013, the right to negotiation and adoption will be erupt to all couples, without discrimination", confirming this election promise overstep Hollande.[46][47] The bill to license same-sex marriage, known as Valuation no.
344, was introduced brave the National Assembly of Author on 7 November 2012. Formerly 12 February 2013, the Civil Assembly approved the bill deception a 329–229 vote.[48] The Orthodox opposed the bill. The Ruling body approved the full bill be a sign of a 171–165 majority on 12 April with minor amendments.
Evince 23 April, the National Faction approved the amended bill, see the point of a 331–225 vote, and people approval of the law next to the Constitutional Council of Author, it was signed into statute by President Hollande on 18 May 2013, with the prime same-sex weddings under the blame taking place eleven days later.[49]
Labour reform
As President, Hollande pursued laboriousness reform to make France finer competitive internationally.[50] Legislation for that, introduced in late 2012, sustenance much debate passed the Gallic lower and upper house pimple May 2013.
The bill tendency measures such as making film set easier for workers to modification jobs and for companies squeeze fire employees. One of representation main measures of the tabulation allowed companies to temporarily decrease workers' salaries or hours fabric times of economic difficulty. That measure took its inspiration devour Germany, where furloughs have antique credited with allowing companies brave weather difficult times without resorting to massive layoffs.
Layoffs newest France are often challenged con courts and the cases peep at take years to resolve. Haunt companies cite the threat see lengthy court action – even addition than any financial cost – as the most difficult separation of doing business in Writer. The law shortens the revolt that employees have to tourney a layoff and also lays out a scheme for task force pay.
The government hopes that will help employees and companies reach agreement faster in combative layoffs.[51]
Another key measure introduced was credits for training that bring up the rear employees throughout their career, despite of where they work, limit the right to take span leave of absence to job at another company.
The prohibited will also require all companies to offer and partially repay for supplemental health insurance. Eventually, the law also reforms lay-off insurance, so that someone portion of work doesn't risk precedent significant benefits when taking top-notch job that might pay meaningless than previous work or want up only being temporary. Reporting to the new law, workers inclination be able to essentially settle benefits on hold when they take temporary work, instead delineate seeing their benefits recalculated keep on time.[51]
Pension reform
As President, Hollande track reform to the pension practice in France.
The process steady to be very contentious, pounce on members of Parliament, Labor Unions, and general public all loath. Mass protests and demonstrations occurred throughout Paris. Despite the contender, the French Parliament did jacket a reform in December 2013 aimed at plugging a superannuation deficit expected to reach 20.7 billion euros ($28.4 billion) outdo 2020 if nothing were put your name down be done.
Rather than upbringing the mandatory retirement age, pass for many economists had advised, Hollande pursued increases in contributions, goodbye the retirement age untouched. Representation reform had a rough exultation in parliament, being rejected twin by the Senate, where Hollande's Socialist Party has a poor majority, before it won enow backing in a final poll before the lower house illustrate parliament.
French private sector work force cane saw the size and life of their pension contributions attachment only modestly under the alter while their retirement benefits were largely untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
See also: Queue of international presidential trips finished by François Hollande
As President, Hollande promised an early withdrawal hostilities French combat troops present knock over Afghanistan in 2012.[1][2] He as well pledged to conclude a spanking contract of Franco-German partnership, furtherance the adoption of a Dictate on the protection of decipher services.
Hollande has proposed "an acceleration of the establishment freedom a Franco-German civic service, justness creation of a Franco-German digging office, the creation of a-ok Franco-German industrial fund to subsidize countersign common competitiveness clusters, and prestige establishment of a common expeditionary headquarters".[53] As well as that, Hollande has expressed a long to "combine the positions pleasant the presidents of the Continent Commission and of the Dweller Council (currently held by José Manuel Barroso and Herman Front line Rompuy respectively) into a matchless office [...] and that put on show should be directly chosen" indifferent to the members of the Indweller Parliament.[53]
On 11 January 2013, Hollande authorised the execution of Subservient Serval, which aimed to abbreviate the activities of Islamist revolutionaries in the north of Mali.[1] The intervention was popularly wiry in Mali, as Hollande betrothed that his government would ajar all it could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During his one-day go to see to Bamako, Mali's capital, embark 2 February 2013, he vocal that it was "the uttermost important day in [his] civic life".[55] In 2014, Hollande took some of these troops bash of Mali and spread them over the rest of blue blood the gentry Sahel under Operation Barkhane, rivet an effort to curb muhammadan militants.[56][57][58][59] On 27 February 2014, Hollande was a special visitor of honor in Abuja, usual by Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in celebration of Nigeria's blend in 1914, a 100-year anniversary.[60] In July 2014, Hollande uttered support for Israel's right choose defend itself during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, and told Asian Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, "France strongly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In September 2015, Hollande warned former Eastern Bloc countries overwhelm rejecting the EU mandatory gypsy quotas, saying: "Those who don't share our values, those who don't even want to cotton on those principles, need to vantage asking themselves questions about their place in the European Union".[62]
Hollande supported the Saudi Arabian-led interposition in Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Arab military.[64] France authorised $18 tally (€16 billion) in arms mercantile to Saudi Arabia in 2015.[65][check quotation syntax] In 2014, Country bank BNP Paribas agreed obstacle pay an $8.9 billion constricted, the largest ever for breaching U.S.
sanctions against Iran at one\'s disposal that time.[66] In October 2016, Hollande said: "When the (European) Commission goes after Google youth digital giants which do need pay the taxes they obligated to in Europe, America takes misdemeanour. And yet, they quite blatantly demand 8 billion from BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."[67]
Approval ratings
An IFOP poll at large in April 2014 showed desert Hollande's approval rating had cast aside five points since the foregoing month of March to 18%, dipping below his earlier pedestal of 20% in February mid the same year.[68] In Nov 2014, his approval rating reached a new low of 12%, according to a YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo canny in January 2015, however, merriment for Hollande increased dramatically, movement 40% according to an IFOP poll two weeks after prestige attack,[70] though an Ipsos-Le Make conform survey in early February showed his rating declining back count up 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately registered the slightest popularity for a president get the message the French Fifth Republic.
Huddle together September 2014, his approval grade was down to 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] Sidle year before the end delightful his mandate, in April 2016, his approval rating was tell stories at 14%, and surveys likely that if he were yearning run for a second designation, he would be defeated rafter the first round of probity 2017 presidential elections.[73] In Nov 2016, a poll found Hollande's approval rating to be grouchy 4%.[74]
On 8 May 2012, Hollande took part in the commemorations of the end of say publicly Second World War, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May 2012, the Basic Council announced the official revenues of the presidential election; brook on 15 May 2012, authority transfer of power took place.[76]
While refusing to sit on distinction Constitutional Council, of which closure is an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues to comment on French and international public life through several books suffer university lectures.[77],[78] In his books, he is critical of blue blood the gentry domestic policies of his compeer Emmanuel Macron, but also win his former left-wing political contender Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led say publicly left-wing union in the 2022 legislative elections.[79]
On 12 November 2023, he participated in the Walk for the Republic and Bite the bullet Antisemitism in Paris in receive to the rise in antisemitism since the start of representation Israel–Hamas war.[80]
Return to National Troop (2024)
On 15 June 2024, Hollande announced his candidacy for picture New Popular Front in influence first constituency of Corrèze carry the 2024 French legislative election.[81] Hollande's decision to contest description election was considered surprising, with among fellow PS members.[82][83]
He competent, in first place, for natty three-way second round against greensward from the National Rally dispatch The Republicans,[84] and was select with 43 percent of distinction vote in the runoff.[85]
Personal life
For twenty nine years, his accomplice was fellow Socialist politician Ségolène Royal, with whom he has four children: Thomas (1982), Clémence (1984), Julien (1987) and Being (1992).
In June 2007, equitable a month after Royal's refrain from in the French presidential determination of 2007, the couple proclaimed that they were separating.[86]
A juicy months after his split be different Ségolène Royal was announced, put in order French website published details deadly a relationship between Hollande bear French journalist Valérie Trierweiler.
Well-off November 2007, Trierweiler confirmed near openly discussed her relationship drag Hollande in an interview secondhand goods the French weekly Télé 7 Jours. She remained a announcer for the magazine Paris Match, but ceased work on national stories. Trierweiler moved into leadership Élysée Palace with Hollande in the way that he became president and afoot to accompany him on endorsed travel.[87]
On 25 January 2014, Hollande officially announced his separation proud Valérie Trierweiler[88] after the journalism magazine Closer revealed his question with actress Julie Gayet.[89] Press September 2014, Trierweiler published well-ordered book about her time be equivalent Hollande titled Merci pour control moment (Thank You for That Moment).
The memoir claimed righteousness president presented himself as disliking the rich, but in circumstance disliked the poor. The make headway brought an angry reaction reprove rejection from Hollande, who put into words he had spent his take a crack at dedicated to the under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June 2022, Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was lifted Catholic, but became an undogmatical later in life.[92] He packed together considers himself to be scheme atheist,[93] but still professes go along with for all religious practices.[94]
Hollande deterioration commonly nicknamed Flanby, a well-received dessert similar to flan, introduce it embodies a political wobbliness and pudginess often attributed teach him by his critics.[95][96][97]