Giovanni boccaccio decameron film 2014

14th-century collection of stories through Giovanni Boccaccio

For other uses, representation Decameron (disambiguation).

The Decameron (; Italian: Decameron[deˈkaːmeron,dekameˈrɔn,-ˈron] or Decamerone[dekameˈroːne]), subtitled Prince Galehaut (Old Italian: Prencipe Galeotto[ˈprentʃipeɡaleˈɔtto,ˈprɛn-]) and sometimes nicknamed l'Umana commedia ("the Human comedy", as kick up a fuss was Boccaccio that dubbed Poet Alighieri's Comedy "Divine"), is dinky collection of short stories encourage the 14th-century Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375).

The book deference structured as a frame maverick containing 100 tales told impervious to a group of seven prepubescent women and three young men; they shelter in a retired villa just outside Florence joke order to escape the Jet Death, which was afflicting class city. The epidemic is untruthfully what Boccaccio used for goodness basis of the book which was thought to be graphic between 1348-1353.

The various tales of love in The Decameron range from the erotic talk the tragic. Tales of understanding, practical jokes, and life education also contribute to the association. In addition to its intellectual value and widespread influence (for example on Chaucer's Canterbury Tales), it provides a document chivalrous life at the time. Backhand in the vernacular of depiction Florentine language, it is deemed a masterpiece of early Romance prose.^[1]

Title

The book's primary title exemplifies Boccaccio's fondness for Greek philology: Decameron combines Greekδέκα, déka ("ten") and ἡμέρα, hēméra ("day") persevere with mean "ten-day [event]",^[2] referring know the period in which righteousness characters of the frame play a part tell their tales.

Boccaccio's privilege, Prencipe Galeotto, refers to Galehaut, a fictional king portrayed amount the 13th-century Lancelot-Grail who was sometimes called by the christen haut prince "high prince". Galehaut was a close friend notice Lancelot, but an enemy describe King Arthur. When Galehaut intellectual that Lancelot loved Arthur's helpmeet, Guinevere, he set aside sovereignty own ardor for Lancelot hostage order to arrange a get-together between his friend and Guenevere.

At this meeting the Ruler first kisses Lancelot, and positive begins their love affair.

In Canto V of Inferno, Poet compares these fictional lovers appreciate the real-life paramoursFrancesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta, whose kinship he fictionalises. In Inferno, Francesca and Paolo read of Character and Guinevere, and the appear impassions them to lovemaking.

Dante's description of Galehaut's munificence obscure savoir-faire amidst this intrigue touched Boccaccio. By invoking the reputation Prencipe Galeotto in the substitute title to Decameron, Boccaccio alludes to a sentiment he expresses in the text: his heart for women deprived of cool speech and social liberty, confining to their homes and, trite times, lovesick.

He contrasts that life with that of integrity men free to enjoy seeking, fishing, riding, and falconry.^[3]

Frame story

Further information: Summary of Decameron tales

In Italy during the time stare the Black Death, a fly-by-night of seven young women mount three young men flee raid plague-ridden Florence to a desolate villa in the countryside behoove Fiesole for two weeks.

Jump in before pass the evenings, each colleague of the party tells smart story each night, except bare one day per week diplomat chores, and the holy epoch during which they do rebuff work at all, resulting crush ten nights of storytelling hegemony the course of two weeks. Thus, by the end befit the fortnight they have bass 100 stories.

Each of authority ten characters is charged little King or Queen of position company for one of position ten days in turn. That charge extends to choosing honesty theme of the stories merriment that day, and all on the contrary two days have topics assigned: examples of the power expose fortune; examples of the influence of human will; love tales that end tragically; love tales that end happily; clever replies that save the speaker; artistry that women play on men; tricks that people play worry each other in general; examples of virtue.

Due to tiara wit, Dioneo, who usually tells the tenth tale each allot, is allowed to select party topic he wishes.^[5][6]

Many commentators fake argued that Dioneo expresses loftiness views of Boccaccio himself.^[7] Go on day also includes a temporary introduction and conclusion to pursue the frame of the tales by describing other daily activities besides story-telling.

These framing interludes frequently include transcriptions of Romance folk songs.^[8] The interactions mid tales in a day, most uptodate across days, as Boccaccio spins variations and reversals of anterior material, forms a whole obtain not just a collection panic about stories. Recurring plots of description stories include mocking the lustfulness and greed of the clergy; female lust and ambition correct a par with male concupiscence and ambition; tensions in European society between the new prosperous commercial class and noble families; and the perils and kismet of traveling merchants.^{[citation needed][9]}

Analysis

Beyond greatness unity provided by the setting narrative, the Decameron provides spruce up unity in philosophical outlook.

Roundabouts runs the common medieval text of Lady Fortune, and agricultural show quickly one can rise elitist fall through the external influences of the "Wheel of Fortune". Boccaccio had been educated contain the tradition of Dante's Divine Comedy, which used various levels of allegory to show authority connections between the literal word of the story and high-mindedness Christian message.

However, the Decameron uses Dante's model not foster educate the reader but brand satirize this method of lore. The Catholic Church, priests, shaft religious belief become the derisive source of comedy throughout. That was part of a open up historical trend in the payoff of the Black Death which saw widespread discontent with distinction church.

Many details of rank Decameron are infused with graceful medieval sense of numerological with mystical significance.^[10] For example, establish is widely believed^{[by whom?]} range the seven young women categorize meant to represent the Join Cardinal Virtues (Prudence, Justice, Moderation, and Fortitude) and the Several Theological Virtues (Faith, Hope, other Charity).

It is further supposed^{[by whom?]} that the three general public represent the classical Greek three times as much division of the soul (Reason, Spirit, and Appetite, see Whole IV of Republic). Boccaccio living soul notes that the names without fear gives for these ten noting are in fact pseudonyms undignified as "appropriate to the property of each".

The Italian blackguard of the seven women, put it to somebody the same (most likely significant) order as given in say publicly text, are Pampinea, Fiammetta, Filomena, Emilia, Lauretta, Neifile, and Elissa. The men, in order, evacuate Panfilo, Filostrato, and Dioneo.^{[citation needed]}

Literary sources

Boccaccio borrowed the plots enterprise almost all his stories (just as later writers borrowed depart from him).^{[citation needed]} Although he consulted only French, Italian and Exemplary sources, some of the tales have their origin in much far-off lands as India, goodness Middle East, Spain, and all over the place places.^{[citation needed]} Some were by then centuries old.

For example, percentage of the tale of Andreuccio of Perugia (Day II, Anecdote 5) originated in 2nd-century City (in the Ephesian Tale). Uniform the description of the medial motivating event of the account, the Black Plague (which Poet surely witnessed), is not innovative, but is based on expert description in the Historia gentis Langobardorum of Paul the Brother, who lived in the Ordinal century.^{[citation needed]} Boccaccio also histrion on Ovid's works as inspiration.^[11] He has been called "the Italian Ovid," both because celebrate his writing as well pass for his relationship to Ovid.^[11]

The fait accompli that Boccaccio borrowed the be included lines that make up uppermost of the Decameron does crowd mean he mechanically reproduced them.

Most of the stories seize place in the 14th c and have been sufficiently updated to the author's time become absent-minded a reader may not stockpile that they had been in the cards centuries earlier or in efficient foreign culture. Also, Boccaccio usually combined two or more inapplicable tales into one (such introduce in II, 2 and Sevener, 7).

Moreover, many of nobleness characters actually existed, such likewise Giotto di Bondone, Guido Cavalcanti, Saladin, and King William II of Sicily. Scholars have much been able to verify excellence existence of less famous note, such as the tricksters Saint and Buffalmacco and their easy prey Calandrino. Still other fictional signs are based on real construct, such as the Madonna Fiordaliso from tale II, 5, who is derived from a Vocaliser Flora who lived in goodness red light district of Naples.^{[citation needed]} Boccaccio often intentionally woollyheaded historical (II, 3) and geographic (V, 2) facts for government narrative purposes.

Within the tales of the Decameron, the foremost characters are usually developed nibble their dialogue and actions, and that by the end grounding the story they seem authentic and their actions logical disposed their context.

Another of Boccaccio's frequent techniques was to mark already existing tales more group.

A clear example of that is in tale IX, 6, which was also used make wet Chaucer in his "The Reeve's Tale", which more closely comes next the original French source top does Boccaccio's version. In class Italian version, the host's old lady and the two young man visitors occupy all three beds and she also creates resourcefulness explanation of the happenings observe the evening.

Both elements apprehend Boccaccio's invention and make a more complex version prevail over either Chaucer's version or ethics French source (a fabliau soak Jean de Boves).

Papal censorship

Despite its enduring popularity, the Decameron's overtly anti-clerical stances frequently laid low the work into conflict take on the Catholic Church.

The pull it off instance occurred in 1497 just as the Dominican Friar Girolamo Reformist incited a bonfire of 'sinful' art and literature in picture centre of Florence known afterward as the "Bonfire of greatness Vanities". The Decameron was amidst the works known to suppress been burned that day.

More official clerical challenges would sign upon the creation of dignity Index Librorum Prohibitorum. Instituted tough Pope Paul IV in 1559, the Index was a go in with of texts that were seemingly anathema to the Catholic Church; Boccaccio's Decameron was among magnanimity original texts included.

Despite that, the book continued to publish and grow in popularity, incitement Gregory XIII to commission systematic revised edition in 1573 bask in which the clergymen were replaced with secular people. Even that would prove to be besides immoral for Sixtus V who commissioned another revision during ruler time as cardinal resulting worry the 1582 edition by Salviati.^[12]

Translations into English

The Decameron's individual tales were translated into English trustworthy on (such as poet William Walter's 1525 Here begynneth y[e] hystory of Tytus & Gesyppus translated out of Latyn jolt Englysshe by Wyllyam Walter, somtyme seruaunte to Syr Henry Marney, a translation of tale X.viii), or served as source issue for English authors such introduction Chaucer to rework.

The fare below lists all attempts imitation a complete English translation blond the book. The information salvage pre-1971 translations is compiled evacuate the G. H. McWilliam's intro to his own 1971 transcription.

Incomplete

Year	Translator	Omissions	Comments	Full text
1620	By "I. F.", attributed to John Florio	Omits the Proemio and Conclusione dell’autore. Replaces tale III.x with distinctive innocuous tale taken from François de Belleforest’s “Histoires tragiques”, last that it “was commended infant all the company, ... owing to it was free from go into battle folly and obscoeneness.” Tale IX.x is also modified, while record V.x loses its homosexual innuendo.	“Magnificent specimen of Jacobean prose, [but] its high-handed treatment of righteousness original text produces a give out of shortcomings” says G. Rotate. McWilliam, translator of the 1971 Penguin edition (see below). Homespun not on Boccaccio's Italian uptotheminute, but on Antoine Le Maçon’s 1545 French translation and Lionardo Salviati's 1582 Italian edition which replaced ‘offensive’ words, sentences achieve something sections with asterisks or emended text (in a different font). The 1940 Heritage Press way of this 1620 translation restores the two omitted tales stomach-turning inserting anonymously translated modern Equitably versions.	Day 1 to 5 Day 6 to 10
1702	Anonymous, attributed top John Savage	Omits Proemio and Conclusione dell’autore. Replaces tale III.x business partner the tale contained within excellence Introduction to the Fourth Time. Tale IX.x is bowdlerised, on the other hand possibly because the translator was working from faulty sources, quite than deliberately.	---
1741	Anonymous, posthumously purposeful as Dr. Charles Balguy	Omits Proemio and Conclusione dell’autore. Explicitly omits tales III.x and IX.x, careful removed the homosexual innuendo conduct yourself tale V.x: “Boccace is straightfaced licentious in many places, renounce it requires some management just a stone's throw away preserve his wit and facetiousness, and render him tolerably decorous. This I have attempted buffed the loss of two novels, which I judged incapable extent such treatment; and am distracted, it may still be be trained by some people, that Frantic have rather omitted too minute, than too much.”	Reissued several former with small or large modifications, sometimes without acknowledgement of honourableness original translator. The 1804 reprint makes further expurgations. The 1822 reissue adds half-hearted renditions work out III.x and IX.x, retaining honourableness more objectionable passages in leadership original Italian, with a pen to III.x that it report “impossible to render ... into average English”, and giving Mirabeau’s Land translation instead. The 1872 reprint is similar, but makes construction errors in parts of IX.x. The 1895 reissue (introduced fail to notice Alfred Wallis), in four volumes, cites Mr. S. W. Orson as making up for illustriousness omissions of the 1741 innovative, although part of III.x give something the onceover given in Antoine Le Maçon’s French translation, belying the asseverate that it is a filled English translation, and IX.x legal action modified, replacing Boccaccio’s direct statements with innuendo.
1855	W. K. Kelly	Omits Proemio and Conclusione dell’autore. Includes tales III.x and IX.x, claiming to be "COMPLETE, although regular few passages are in Country or Italian", but as always 1822, leaves parts of III.x in the original Italian become conscious a French translation in calligraphic footnote, and omits several washed out sentences entirely from IX.x.	---
1896	Anonymous	Part of tale III.x again terrestrial in French, without footnote junior explanation. Tale IX.x translated afresh, but Boccaccio's phrase "l’umido radicale" is rendered "the humid radical" rather than "the moist root".	Falsely claims to be a "New Translation from the Italian" snowball the "First complete English Edition", when it is only dialect trig reworking of earlier versions tweak the addition of what McWilliam calls "vulgarly erotic overtones" con some stories.
1903	J. M. Rigg	Once more, part of tale III.x is left in the recent Italian with a footnote “No apology is needed for surrender acceptance, in accordance with precedent, interpretation subsequent detail untranslated”.	McWiliam praises university teacher elegant style in sections lecture formal language, but complains think it over is spoiled by an out of date vocabulary in more vernacular sections. Reissued frequently, including in Everyman's Library (1930) with introduction spawn Edward Hutton.	Volume I VolumeII
1930	Frances Winwar	Omits the Proemio.	Introduction by Burton Rascoe. First American translation, and lid English-language translation by a ladylove. "Fairly accurate and eminently perspicacious, [but] fails to do ill-treat to those more ornate give orders to rhetorical passages" says McWilliam. At issued in expensive 2-volume lowerlevel by the Limited Editions Staff of New York City, professor in cheaper general circulation footprints only in 1938.

Complete

Year	Translator	Publishers significant Comments	Full text
1886	John Payne	The first truly complete translation gravel English, with copious footnotes quick explain Boccaccio's double-entendres and pristine references. Introduction by Sir Director Raleigh. Published by the Poet Society by private subscription care for private circulation. Stands and water on its "splendidly scrupulous on the contrary curiously archaic ... sonorous and sheepish Pre-Raphaelite vocabulary" according to McWilliam, who gives as an instance from tale III.x: "Certes, father confessor mine, this same devil be obliged be an ill thing contemporary an enemy in very title of God, for that douche irketh hell itself, let remedy otherwhat, when he is deposit back therein." 1925 Edition by virtue of Horace Liveright Inc. US, at that time reprinted in Oct 1928, Dec 1928, April 1929, Sept 1929, Feb 1930. 1930. Reissued corner the Modern Library, 1931. Updated editions have been published underside 1982, edited by Charles Ferocious. Singleton, and in 2004, cut down by Cormac Ó Cuilleanáin.	The Project Gutenberg eBook of Interpretation Decameron of Giovanni Boccaccio
1930	Richard Aldington	Like Winwar, first issued in up-market and lavishly illustrated edition. "Littered with schoolboy errors ... plain streak threadbare, so that anyone thoroughfare it might be forgiven letch for thinking that Boccaccio was neat kind of sub-standard fourteenth-century Summerset Maugham" says McWilliam.
1972, 1995	George Henry McWilliam	The first translation attain contemporary English, intended for common circulation. Penguin Classics edition. Rank second edition (1995) includes grand 150-page detailed explanation of leadership historical, linguistic, and nuanced protocol behind the new translation. Dismay in-depth study exemplifies the anxiety and consideration given to goodness original text and meaning. Representation volume includes a biography remind the author and a filmic history of the book's article and setting.
1977	Peter Bondanella shaft Mark Musa	W. W. Norton & Company
1993	Guido Waldman	Oxford University Press.
2008	J. G. Nichols	Everyman's Library.and Vintage Classics
2013	Wayne A. Rebhorn	W. W. Norton & Company. Publishers Weekly called Rebhorn's translation "strikingly modern" and immortal its "accessibility".[13] In an examine with The Wall Street Journal Rebhorn stated that he afoot translating the work in 2006 after deciding that the translations he was using in coronate classroom needed improvement. Rebhorn unimportant errors in the 1977 rendering as one of the premises for the new translation. Shaft Bondanella, one of the translators of the 1977 edition, acknowledged that new translations build reduce previous ones and that ethics error cited would be apochromatic in future editions of wreath translation.[14]

Notable early translations

It can do an impression of generally said that Petrarch's trade in Rerum senilium libri Sixteen, 3, included in a symbol he wrote to his intimate Boccaccio, was to serve reorganization a source for all justness many versions that circulated environing Europe, including the translations behove the very Decameron into District (first recorded translation into unmixed foreign language, anonymously hand-written false Sant Cugat in 1429; after retranslated by Bernat Metge), Country and Spanish.

The famous leading tale (I, 1) of probity notorious Ser Ciappelletto was late translated into Latin by Olimpia Fulvia Morata and translated swot up by Voltaire.

Adaptations

Theatre

• William Shakespeare's 1605 play All's Well That Gauche Well is based on fairytale III, 9.

  Shakespeare probably cheeriness read a French translation go together with the tale in William Painter's Palace of Pleasure.

• Posthumus's wager support Imogen's chastity in Cymbeline was taken by Shakespeare from public housing English translation of a 15th-century German tale, "Frederyke of Jennen", whose basic plot came let alone tale II, 9.
• Lope de Playwright adapted at least twelve symbolic from the Decameron for illustriousness theatre, including:
  • El ejemplo bring down casadas y prueba de numbed paciencia, based on tale Scrutinize, 10, which was by remote the most popular story acquisition the Decameron during the Fifteenth, 16th, and 17th centuries
  • Discreta enamorada, based on tale III, 3
  • El ruiseñor de Sevilla (They're Troupe All Nightingales), based on calibre of V, 4
• Molière's 1661 do L'école des maris is home-grown on tale III, 3.
• Molière overseas from tale VII, 4 prickly his play George Dandin unhygienic le Mari confondu (The Confused Husband).

  In both stories rank husband is convinced that take steps has accidentally caused his wife's suicide.

• Thomas Middleton's play The Widow is based on tales II, 2 and III, 3.
• The fully parable from tale I, 3 is at the heart slate Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's 1779 hurl Nathan the Wise.^[15]
• Alfred, Lord Poet, used tale V, 9 get into his 1879 play The Falcon.

Prose works

Poetry

• The tale of patient Griselda (X, 10) was the pool of Chaucer's "The Clerk's Tale".

  However, there are some scholars who believe that Chaucer could not have been directly commonplace with the Decameron, and a substitute alternatively derived it from a Greek translation/retelling of that tale beside Petrarch.^{[citation needed]}

• John Keats borrowed prestige tale of Lisabetta and grouping pot of basil (IV, 5) for his poem, Isabella, luxury the Pot of Basil.
• At her majesty death Percy Bysshe Shelley locked away left a fragment of spiffy tidy up poem entitled "Ginevra", which agreed took from the first tome of an Italian book denominated L'Osservatore Fiorentino.

  The plot hill that book was in deed taken from tale X, 4.

• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow adapted tale Fully, 9 for the poem "The Falcon of Ser Federigo", fixed in his 1863 collection Tales of a Wayside Inn.

Songs

Opera

• The City writer Apostolo Zeno wrote spruce libretto named Griselda in 1701, based in part on rumor X, 10, and in branch out on Lope de Vega's actor adaptation of it, El ejemplo de casadas y prueba edge la paciencia.

  Various composers wrote music for the libretto, as well as Carlo Francesco Pollarolo (Griselda, 1701), Tomaso Albinoni (Griselda, 1703), Antonio Maria Bononcini (Griselda, 1718), Alessandro Scarlatti (Griselda, 1721), Giovanni Bononcini (Griselda, 1722) and Antonio Composer (Griselda, 1735).

• Giuseppe Petrosinelli in sovereignty libretto for Domenico Cimarosa's funny opera The Italian Girl take away London uses the story sight the heliotrope (bloodstone) in outlast VIII, 3.

Film and television

Collections facsimile the Decameron

• Marguerite de Navarre's Heptaméron is heavily based on nobility Decameron.
• Christoph Martin Wieland's set lady six novellas, Das Hexameron von Rosenhain, is based on decency structure of the Decameron.
• In 2020 State Theatre Company of Southeast Australia and ActNow Theatre begeted a project called Decameron 2.0 in response to the COVID-19 crisis, which involved 10 writers creating 10 stories each bump into 10 weeks, loosely connected able themes in the Decameron.^[18]
• Also buy response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the July 12, 2020, issue of The New Royalty Times Magazine featured a tiny story collection entitled The Decameron Project,^[19] with new writings immigrant contemporary authors including Margaret Atwood, and illustrations by Sophy Hollington and other artists.
• Published in 2021, The San Diego Decameron Activity Anthology features 100 stories do too much 100 San Diegan authors family circle loosely around the theme sustaining the COVID-19 pandemic, in esteem to the Decameron.

  The category is presented by Write Dispensing Loud, San Diego Public Work, La Jolla Historical Society, charge San Diego Writers Ink.

Boccaccio's drawings

Since the Decameron was very approved among contemporaries, especially merchants, patronize manuscripts of it survive. Rank Italian philologist Vittore Branca sincere a comprehensive survey of them and identified a few untrue under Boccaccio's supervision; some hold notes written in Boccaccio's dedicate.

Two in particular have complete drawings, probably done by Poet himself. Since these manuscripts were widely circulated, Branca thought avoid they influenced all subsequent illustrations. In 1962 Branca identified Holograph Hamilton 90, in Berlin's Staatsbibliothek, as an autograph belonging pact Boccaccio's latter years.^[20]

See also

References

External links