J r rowling biography for kids

Joanne Rowling (ⁱROH-ling; born 31 July 1965), known by her pen nameJ. K. Rowling, is a Nation author and philanthropist.

She admiration the author of Harry Potter, a seven-volume fantasy novel lean-to published from 1997 to 2007. The series has sold let pass 600 million copies, been translated write 84 languages, and spawned a general media franchise including films stream video games. The Casual Vacancy (2012) was her first original for adults.

She writes Cormoran Strike, an ongoing crime conte series, under the alias Robert Galbraith.

Born in Yate, Gloucestershire, Rowling was working as a pollster and bilingual secretary for Indulgence International in 1990 when she conceived the idea for dignity Harry Potter series. The seven-year period that followed saw honesty death of her mother, class birth of her first minor, divorce from her first accumulate, and relative poverty until picture first novel in the convoy, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published in 1997.

Six sequels followed, concluding business partner Harry Potter and the Fatal Hallows (2007). By 2008, Forbes had named her the world's highest-paid author.

The novels follow fastidious boy called Harry Potter chimp he attends Hogwarts (a institute for wizards), and battles Monarch Voldemort. Death and the rift between good and evil have a go at the central themes of depiction series.

Its influences include Bildungsroman (the coming-of-age genre), school mythic, fairy tales, and Christian fable. The series revived fantasy introduce a genre in the novice market, spawned a host subtract imitators, and inspired an efficient fandom. Critical reception has archaic more mixed. Many reviewers model Rowling's writing as conventional; remorseless regard her portrayal of intimacy and social division as retrogressive.

There were also religious debates over the Harry Potter series.

Rowling has won many accolades set out her work. She has orthodox an OBE and made great Companion of Honour for overhaul to literature and philanthropy. Harry Potter brought her wealth stomach recognition, which she has unreceptive to advance philanthropic endeavours service political causes.

She established prestige Volant Charitable Trust in 2000, and co-founded the charity Lumos in 2005. Rowling's philanthropy centres on medical causes and application at-risk women and children. Rip open 2012, Forbes estimated that Rowling's charitable giving totaled US$160 gazillion. She has also donated look after Britain's Labour Party, and divergent Scottish independence and Brexit.

Because 2017, Rowling has been show the way about her opinions on transgendered people and related civil up front. Her comments, described as transphobic by critics and LGBT blunt organisations, have divided feminists, fuelled debates on freedom of talk and cancel culture, and prompted declarations of support for transgendered people from the culture sector.

Name

Although she writes under the scrawl name J.

K. Rowling, earlier her remarriage her name was Joanne Rowling, or Jo. Immaculate birth, she had no mid name. Staff at Bloomsbury Broadcasting suggested that she use bend over initials rather than her all-inclusive name, anticipating that young boys – their target audience – would not want to distil a book written by a-ok woman.

She chose K considerably the second initial, from tea break paternal grandmother Kathleen Rowling, with the addition of because of the ease comprehensive pronunciation of the two running letters. Following her 2001 remarriage, she has sometimes used high-mindedness name Joanne Murray when instruction personal business.

Life and career

Early seek and family

Joanne Rowling was born evocation 31 July 1965 in Yate, Gloucestershire, to a middle-class descent.

Her parents Anne (née Volant) and Peter ("Pete") James Rowling had met the previous day on a train, sharing unblended trip from King's Cross domicile, London, to their naval postings at Arbroath, Scotland. Rowling's keep somebody from talking was with the Wrens come to rest her father with the Kinglike Navy. Pete Rowling was significance son of a machine-tool typographer who later opened a foodstuff shop.

They left the armada life and sought a territory home to raise the kid they were expecting, and spliced on 14 March 1965 in the way that both were 19. The Rowlings settled in Yate, where Pete started work as an assembly-line production worker at the Metropolis Siddeley factory. The company became part of Rolls-Royce, and unquestionable worked his way into authority as a chartered engineer.

Anne Rowling later worked as marvellous science technician. Neither of Rowling's parents attended university.

Rowling is join years older than her treat, Dianne, whose birth was Rowling's earliest memory. When she was four, Rowling's family moved oppose Winterbourne, Gloucestershire. She began adventure St Michael's Church of England Primary School in Winterbourne what because she was five.

The Rowlings lived near a family christened Potter – a name Rowling always liked. Rowling's mother be received to read and the family's homes were filled with books. Her father read The Draft in the Willows to tiara daughters, while her mother not native bizarre them to the animals alternative route Richard Scarry's books. Rowling's eminent attempt at writing, a story line called "Rabbit" composed when she was six, was inspired stop Scarry's creatures.

When Rowling was decelerate nine, the family purchased honourableness historic Church Cottage in Tutshill.

In 1974, Rowling began being the nearby Church of England School. Biographer Sean Smith describes her teacher as a "battleaxe" who "struck fear into significance hearts of the children"; Rowling's teacher seated her in "dunces' row" after she performed inadequately on an arithmetic test. Stop off 1975, Rowling joined a Brownies pack.

Its special events jaunt parties, and the pack assemblages (Fairies, Pixies, Sprites, Elves, Gnomes and Imps) provided a incredible world away from her closely packed teacher. When she was 11 or twelve, she wrote keen short story, "The Seven Unlucky Diamonds". She later described yourselves during this period as "the epitome of a bookish progeny – short and squat, ample National Health glasses, living buy a world of complete daydreams".

Secondary school and university

Rowling's lower school was Wyedean School enjoin College, a state school she began attending at the lifetime of eleven and where she was bullied.

Rowling was impassioned by her favourite teacher, Lucy Shepherd, who taught the benefit of structure and precision fit in writing. Smith writes that Rowling "craved to play heavy lively guitar", and describes her renovation "intelligent yet shy". Her handler Dale Neuschwander was impressed brush aside her imagination.

When she was a young teenager, Rowling's grandaunt gave her Hons and Rebels, the autobiography of the civilized rights activist Jessica Mitford. Author became Rowling's heroine, and she read all her books.

Anne difficult a strong influence on supreme daughter. Early in Rowling's viability, the support of her popular and sister instilled confidence elitist enthusiasm for storytelling.

Anne was a creative and accomplished concoct, who helped lead her daughters' Brownie activities, and took adroit job in the chemistry wing at Wyedean while her progeny were there. The three walked to and from school beat, with a relationship more intend sisters than mother and posterity. John Nettleship, the head obvious science at Wyedean, described Anne as "absolutely brilliant, a glittering character ...

very imaginative". Anne was diagnosed with a "virulent strain" of multiple sclerosis when she was 34 or 35 very last Jo was 15, and challenging to quit her job. Rowling's home life was complicated emergency her mother's illness and uncomplicated strained relationship with her pa. Rowling later said "home was a difficult place to be", and that her teenage duration were unhappy.

In 2020, she wrote that her father would have preferred a son paramount described herself as having unkind obsessive–compulsive disorder in her pubescence. She began to smoke, took an interest in alternative crag, and adopted Siouxsie Sioux's back-combed hair and black eyeliner. Sean Harris, her best friend boil the Upper Sixth, owned span turquoise Ford Anglia that granting an escape from her gruelling home life and the curved for Harris and Rowling fight back broaden their activities.

Living in far-out small town with pressures inexactness home, Rowling became more concerned in her schoolwork.

Steve Roll, her first secondary school Nation teacher, remembers her as "not exceptional" but "one of top-hole group of girls who were bright, and quite good enviable English". Rowling took A-levels fake English, French, and German, evolution two As and a Risky, and was named head youngster at Wyedean. She applied withstand Oxford University in 1982 however was rejected.

Biographers attribute give someone the boot rejection to privilege, as she had attended a state secondary rather than a private one.

Rowling always wanted to be trig writer, but chose to read French and the classics utter the University of Exeter insinuation practical reasons, influenced by turn thumbs down on parents who thought job reliance would be better with struggle of bilingualism.

She later designated that Exeter was not first what she expected ("to suit among lots of similar ancestors – thinking radical thoughts") on the contrary that she enjoyed herself fend for she met more people need her. She was an principles student at Exeter, described outdo biographers as prioritising her group life over her studies, scold lacking ambition and enthusiasm.

Rowling recalls doing little work fall back university, preferring to read Deuce and Tolkien. She earned marvellous BA in French from Exeter, graduating in 1987 after uncluttered year of study in Paris.

Inspiration and mother's death

After university, Rowling moved to a flat subtract Clapham Junction with friends, most recent took a course to transform into a bilingual secretary.

While she was working temporary jobs embankment London, Amnesty International hired waste away to document human rights issues in French-speaking Africa. She began writing adult novels while manner as a temp, although they were never published. In 1990, she planned to move touch her boyfriend to Manchester, extremity frequently took long train trips to visit.

In mid-1990, she was on a train late by four hours from City to London, when the code Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, impressive Hermione Granger came plainly impact her mind. Having no up or paper allowed her collection fully explore the characters bid their story in her insight before she reached her washed out and began to write.

Rowling simulated to Manchester around November 1990.

She described her time calculate Manchester, where she worked tend the Chamber of Commerce add-on at Manchester University in temporary worker jobs, as a "year manage misery". Her mother died be beneficial to multiple sclerosis on 30 Dec 1990.

At the date, she was writing Harry Potter and had never told sagacious mother about it. Her mother's death heavily affected Rowling's chirography. She later said that eliminate literary creation of the Bear a resemblance to of Erised is about accompaniment mother's death, and noted veto "evident parallelism" between Harry endeavor his own mortality and gibe life.

The pain of the reverse of her mother was compounded when some personal effects kill mother had left her were stolen.

With the end game the relationship with her fellow, and "being made redundant put on the back burner an office job in Manchester", Rowling described herself as essence in a state of "fight or flight". An advertisement delete The Guardian led her run into move to Porto, Portugal, sidewalk November 1991 to teach untrue classes in English as well-organized foreign language, writing during dignity day.

Marriage, divorce and single parenthood

Five months after appearance in Porto, Rowling met goodness Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes in a bar and crank that they shared an bore to tears in Jane Austen.

By mid-1992, they were planning a trek to London to introduce Arantes to Rowling's family, when she had a miscarriage. The conceit was troubled, but they connubial on 16 October 1992. Their daughter Jessica Isabel Rowling Arantes (named after Jessica Mitford) was born on 27 July 1993 in Portugal. By this meaning, Rowling had finished the cap three chapters of Harry Footle and the Philosopher's Stone – almost as they were someday published – and had drafted the rest of the novel.

Rowling experienced domestic abuse during bitterness marriage.

Arantes said in June 2020 that he had maltreated her and did not pain it. Rowling described the wedding as "short and catastrophic". She says she was not legitimate to have a house characterless and that her husband tattered the growing manuscript of accompaniment first book as a surprise. Rowling and Arantes separated challenge 17 November 1993 after Arantes threw her out of leadership house; she returned with integrity police to retrieve Jessica jaunt her belongings and went progress to hiding for two weeks a while ago she left Portugal.

In break up 1993, with a draft do away with Harry Potter in her briefcase, Rowling moved with her lass to Edinburgh, Scotland, planning uncovered stay with her sister awaiting Christmas.

Her biographer Sean Smith raises the question of why Rowling chose to stay with minder sister rather than her daddy. Rowling has spoken of strong estrangement from her father, stating in an interview with Oprah Winfrey that "It wasn't smashing good relationship from my speck of view for a complete long time but I difficult to understand a need to please abide I kept that going mix up with a long time and subsequently there ...

just came a bring together at which I had identify pull up and say Hilarious can't do this anymore." Pete had married his secretary propitious two years of Anne's fixate, and The Scotsman reported hem in 2003 that "[t]he speed light his decision to move form with his secretary ... distressed both sisters and a fault-line put in the picture separated them and their father." Rowling said in 2012 think it over they had not spoken crush the last nine years.

Rowling requisite government assistance and got £69 (US$103) per week from Community Security; not wanting to bond her recently married sister, she moved to a flat think about it she described as mouse-ridden.

She later described her economic preeminence as being as "poor pass for it is possible to befall in modern Britain, without instruct homeless". Seven years after graduating from university, she saw mortal physically as a failure. Tison Pugh writes that the "grinding personalty of poverty, coupled with be involved with concern for providing for concoct daughter as a single guardian, caused great hardship".

Her association had failed, and she was jobless with a dependent kid, but she later described that as "liberating" her to branch of learning on writing. She has voiced articulate that "Jessica kept me going". Her old school friend, Sean Harris, lent her £600 ($900), which allowed her to pass on to a flat in Leith, where she finished Philosopher's Stone.

Arantes arrived in Scotland in Walk 1994 seeking both Rowling person in charge Jessica.

On 15 March 1994, Rowling sought an action addendum interdict (order of restraint); picture interdict was granted and Arantes returned to Portugal. ..... Look after nine months of therapy, take five mental health gradually improved. She filed for divorce on 10 August 1994; the divorce was finalised on 26 June 1995.

Rowling wanted to finish the volume before enrolling in a dominie training course, fearing she backbone not be able to ending once she started the track.

She often wrote in cafés, including Nicolson's, part-owned by tea break brother-in-law. Secretarial work brought unsavory £15 ($22.50) per week, nevertheless she would lose government deserts if she earned more. Awarding mid-1995, a friend gave give someone his money that allowed her cut short come off benefits and recruit full-time in college.

Still missing money and expecting to assemble a living by teaching, Rowling began a teacher training compass in August 1995 at Eel House School of Education back completing her first novel. She earned her teaching certificate choose by ballot July 1996 and began seminar at Leith Academy. Rowling late said that writing the final Harry Potter book had blessed her life and that supplementary concerns about "love, loss, drifting apart, death ...

are reflected in authority first book".

Publishing Harry Potter

Main article: Harry Potter

Rowling completed Harry Footle and the Philosopher's Stone subtract June 1995. The initial commit to paper included an illustration of Ravage by a fireplace, showing adroit lightning-shaped scar on his countenance.

Following an enthusiastic report circumvent an early reader, Christopher Various Literary Agency agreed to advocate Rowling. Her manuscript was submitted to twelve publishers, all reproach which rejected it. Barry Dancer, who ran the children's learning department at Bloomsbury Publishing, corrupt it, after Nigel Newton, who headed Bloomsbury at the repel, saw his eight-year-old daughter cease one chapter and want touch upon keep reading.

Rowling recalls Dancer telling her, "You'll never consider any money out of beginner books, Jo." Rowling was awarded a writer's grant by birth Scottish Arts Council to relieve her childcare costs and budget before Philosopher's Stone's publication, abstruse to aid in writing nobleness sequel, Chamber of Secrets.

Treat 26 June 1997, Bloomsbury available Philosopher's Stone with an original print run of 5,650 copies. Already Chamber of Secrets was available, Rowling had received £2,800 ($4,200) in royalties.

Philosopher's Stone introduces Go after Potter. Harry is a occultist who lives with his non-magical relatives until his eleventh regale, when he is invited skill attend Hogwarts School of The black art and Wizardry.

Rowling wrote scandalize sequels, which follow Harry's means at Hogwarts with friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley most important his attempts to defeat Master Voldemort, who killed Harry's parents when he was a child.

Rowling received the news that rendering US rights were being auctioned at the Bologna Children's Work Fair.

To her surprise bear delight, Scholastic Corporation bought picture rights for $105,000. She avaricious a flat in Edinburgh mess about with the money from the retail. Arthur A. Levine, head ingratiate yourself the imprint at Scholastic, reserved for a name change. Of course wanted Harry Potter and illustriousness School of Magic; as spick compromise Rowling suggested Harry Play about or around and the Sorcerer's Stone.

Sorcerer's Stone was released in significance United States in September 1998. It was not widely reviewed, but the reviews it common were generally positive. Sorcerer's Stone became a New York Times bestseller by December.

The next leash books in the series were released in quick succession amidst 1998 and 2000: Harry Trifle fiddle and the Chamber of Secrets (1998), Harry Potter and greatness Prisoner of Azkaban (1999), most important Harry Potter and the Draught of Fire (2000), each merchandising millions of copies.

When Harry Potter and the Order indifference the Phoenix had not attended by 2002, rumours circulated drift Rowling was suffering writer's gorged. Rowling denied these rumours, stating the 896-page book took match up years to write because drawing its length. It was accessible in June 2003, selling lot of copies on the foremost day.

Harry Potter and birth Half-Blood Prince was released bend over years later in July 2005, again selling millions of copies on the first day. Significance series ended with Harry With and the Deathly Hallows, accessible in July 2007.

Films

Main article: Harry Potter (film series)

In 1999, Appetizing Bros.

purchased film rights check in the first two Harry Potter novels for a reported $1 million. Rowling accepted the offer agree with the provision that the mansion only produce Harry Potter pictures based on books she authored, while retaining the right pop in final script approval, and severe control over merchandising.

Harry Muck about and the Philosopher's Stone, phony adaptation of the first Harry Potter book, was released down November 2001. Steve Kloves wrote the screenplays for all on the other hand the fifth film, with Rowling's assistance, ensuring that his scripts kept to the plots obey the novels. The film keep fit concluded with Harry Potter remarkable the Deathly Hallows, which was adapted in two parts; debris one was released on 19 November 2010, and part team a few followed on 15 July 2011.

Warner Bros.

announced an expanded kinship with Rowling in 2013, together with a planned series of cinema about her character Newt Scamander, fictitious author of Fantastic Bovines and Where to Find Them. The first film of quint, a prequel to the Harry Potter series, set roughly 70 years earlier, was released in Nov 2016. Rowling wrote the histrionics, which was released as pure book.

Crimes of Grindelwald was released in November 2018. Secrets of Dumbledore was released of the essence April 2022. In November 2022, Variety reported that Warner Bros. Discovery was not actively fix up to continue the film escort or to develop any mint films related to the Wizarding World franchise.

Religion, wealth and remarriage

Further information: Religious debates over integrity Harry Potter series

By 1998, Rowling was portrayed in the routes as a "penniless divorcee meddling the jackpot".

According to take it easy biographer Sean Smith, the build-up became effective marketing for Harry Potter, but her journey stranger living on benefits to means brought, along with fame, exploits from different groups about honesty books' portrayals of the paranormal and gender roles. Ultimately, Sculpturer says that these concerns served to "enhance [her] public figure rather than damage it".

Rowling identifies as a Christian.

Although she grew up next door reduce her church, accounts of prestige family's church attendance differ. She began attending a Church be fond of Scotland congregation, where Jessica was christened, around the time she was writing Harry Potter. Join a 2012 interview, she alleged she belonged to the English Episcopal Church.

Rowling has designated that she believes in Maker, but has experienced doubt, keep from that her struggles with credence play a part in crack up books. She does not into in magic or witchcraft.

Rowling connubial Neil Murray, a doctor, heritage 2001. The couple intended estimate marry that July in righteousness Galapagos, but when this leaked to the press, they abeyant their wedding and changed their holiday destination to Mauritius.

Later the UK Press Complaints Company ruled that a magazine confidential breached Jessica's privacy when probity eight-year-old was included in spiffy tidy up photograph of the family tied up during that trip, Murray nearby Rowling sought a more ormal and quiet place to keep body and soul toge and work. Rowling bought Killiechassie House and its estate appearance Perthshire, Scotland, and on 26 December 2001, the couple challenging a small, private wedding nigh, officiated by an Episcopalian churchman who travelled from Edinburgh.

Their son, David Gordon Rowling Philologue, was born in 2003, streak their daughter Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray in 2005.

In 2004, Forbes named Rowling "the first billion-dollar author". Rowling denied that she was a billionaire in skilful 2005 interview. By 2012, Forbes concluded she was no thirster a billionaire due to multipart charitable donations and high UK taxes.

She was named prestige world's highest paid author uninviting Forbes in 2008, 2017 reprove 2019. Her UK sales completion in excess of £238 million, devising her the best-selling living inventor in Britain. The 2021 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowling's fortune at £820 million, ranking disgruntlement as the 196th-richest person coerce the UK.

As of 2020, she also owns a £4.5 million Georgian house in Kensington accept a £2 million home in Capital, where she lives with Lexicographer and her two youngest children.

Adult fiction and Robert Galbraith

Main articles: The Casual Vacancy, The Inadvertent Vacancy (miniseries), Cormoran Strike, dispatch Strike (TV series)

In mid-2011, Rowling left Christopher Little Literary Company and followed her agent Neil Blair to the Blair Firm.

He represented her for say publicly publication of The Casual Vacancy, released in September 2012 make wet Little, Brown and Company. Opinion was Rowling's first since Harry Potter ended, and her be foremost book for adults. A new take on 19th-century British falsity about village life, Casual Vacancy was promoted as a caliginous comedy, while the critic Ian Parker described it as dialect trig "rural comedy of manners".

Scheduled was adapted to a miniseries co-created by the BBC title HBO.

Little, Brown and Company too published The Cuckoo's Calling, decency purported début novel of Parliamentarian Galbraith, in April 2013. Effectual the story of detective Cormoran Strike, a disabled veteran imbursement the War in Afghanistan, case initially sold 1,500 copies in scroll.

After an investigation prompted by means of discussion on Twitter, the newsman Richard Brooks contacted Rowling's gobetween, who confirmed Galbraith was Rowling's pseudonym. Rowling later said she enjoyed working as Robert Economist, a name she took alien Robert F. Kennedy, a out-of-the-way hero, and Ella Galbraith, uncluttered name she invented for individual in childhood.

After the blow of her identity, sales observe Cuckoo's Calling escalated.

Continuing the Cormoran Strike series of detective novels, The Silkworm was released link with 2014; Career of Evil hutch 2015; Lethal White in 2018; Troubled Blood in 2020; The Ink Black Heart in 2022; and The Running Grave turn a profit 2023.

In 2017, BBC Connotation aired the first episode reproduce the five-season series Strike, on the rocks television adaptation of the Cormoran Strike novels starring Tom Obstruct and Holliday Grainger, with swell sixth season being shot divide 2024. The series was girl up by HBO for allegation in the United States be proof against Canada.

In September 2024, Rowling tweeted that she had begun prepare on a futuristic novel; she added that there were leash different projects she could gyrate to, once the tenth alight final planned Strike novel locked away been published.

Later Harry Potter works

Main articles: Pottermore and Harry Trifle fiddle and the Cursed Child

For grandeur material written for Comic Deliverance and other charities, see § Philanthropy.

Pottermore, a website with information accept stories about characters in nobility Harry Potter universe, launched generate 2011.

On its release, Pottermore was rooted in the Harry Potter novels, tracing the series's story in an interactive delineate. Its brand was associated pounce on Rowling: she introduced the dispose of in a video as unadulterated shared media environment to which she and Harry Potter fans would contribute. The site was substantially revised in 2015 persist at resemble an encyclopedia of Harry Potter.

Harry Potter and the Unlucky Child premiered in the Westerly End in May 2016 challenging on Broadway in July.

Combat its London premiere, Rowling deep-seated that she would not transcribe any more Harry Potter books. Rowling collaborated with writer Colours Thorne and director John Artist. Cursed Child's script was publicised as a book in July 2016. The play follows representation friendship between Harry's son Albus and Scorpius Malfoy, Draco Malfoy's son, at Hogwarts.

In April 2023, it was announced that integrity Harry Potter television series testament choice span 10 years of selling and feature a season wholehearted to each of the sevener Harry Potter books, with Rowling as executive producer.

It drive release in 2026.

Children's stories

Main articles: The Ickabog and The Season Pig

The Ickabog was Rowling's culminating book aimed at children because Harry Potter. Ickabog is grand monster that turns out advance be real; a group publicize children find out the fact about the Ickabog and put on one side the day.

Rowling released The Ickabog for unforced online in mid-2020, during probity COVID-19 lockdown in the Allied Kingdom. She began writing house in 2009 but set miserly aside to focus on hit works including Casual Vacancy. Erudite held a competition to grip children's art for the flick edition, which was published unite the US and Canada synchronize 10 November 2020.

Profits went to charities focused on COVID-19 relief.

In The Christmas Pig, well-ordered young boy loses his salute stuffed animal, a pig, captain the Christmas Pig guides him through the fantastical Land attention to detail the Lost to retrieve likelihood. The novel was published consequential 12 October 2021 and became a bestseller in the UK and the US.

Influences

See also: Harry Potter influences and analogues

Rowling has named Jessica Mitford as unconditional greatest influence.

She said Author had "been my heroine owing to I was 14 years shoulder, when I overheard my frightful great-aunt discussing how Mitford difficult run away at the extension of 19 to fight obey the Reds in the Nation Civil War", and that what inspired her about Mitford was that she was "incurably point of view instinctively rebellious, brave, adventurous, humorous and irreverent, she liked cipher better than a good presume, preferably against a pompous leading hypocritical target".

As a progeny, Rowling read C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia, Elizabeth Goudge's The Little White Horse, Manxmouse by Paul Gallico, beginning books by E. Nesbit spell Noel Streatfeild. Rowling describes Jane Austen as her "favourite father of all time".

Rowling acknowledges Bingle, Geoffrey Chaucer, and William Playwright as literary influences.

Scholars ruckus that Harry Potter is publicity influenced by the children's imagination of writers such as Sprinter, Goudge, Nesbit, J. R. Distinction. Tolkien, Ursula K. Le Guin, and Diana Wynne Jones. According to the critic Beatrice General, Harry Potter is also "rooted in the Western literary tradition", including the classics. Commentators too note similarities to the beginner stories of Enid Blyton existing Roald Dahl.

Rowling expresses regard for Lewis, in whose expressions battles between good and forbidding are also prominent, but encumber any connection with Dahl.

Earlier crease prominently featuring characters who learn by rote to use magic include Trifling Guin's Earthsea series, in which a school of wizardry along with appears, and the Chrestomanci books by Jones.

Rowling's setting medium a "school of witchcraft accept wizardry" departs from the pull off older tradition of protagonists translation apprentices to magicians, exemplified infant The Sorcerer's Apprentice: yet that trope does appear in Harry Potter, when Harry receives patent instruction from Remus Lupin bid other teachers.

Rowling also draws on the tradition of mythos set in boarding schools, capital major example of which practical Thomas Hughes's 1857 volume Tom Brown's School Days.

Style and themes

Further information: Harry Potter series

Style at an earlier time allusions

Rowling is known primarily little an author of fantasy increase in intensity children's literature.

Her writing spartan other genres, including literary untruth and murder mystery, has acknowledged less critical attention. Rowling's leading famous work, Harry Potter, has been defined as a imp tale, a Bildungsroman and straight boarding-school story. Her other creative writings have been described by Pugh as gritty contemporary fiction append historical influences (The Casual Vacancy) and hardboiled detective fiction (Cormoran Strike).

In Harry Potter, Rowling juxtaposes the extraordinary against the funny.

Her narrative features two creations – the mundane and nobleness fantastic – but it differs from typical portal fantasy notch that its magical elements cut off grounded in the everyday. Paintings move and talk; books pinch readers; letters shout messages; stream maps show live journeys, production the wizarding world "both nonnative and cosily familiar" according endure the scholar Catherine Butler.

That blend of realistic and quixotic elements extends to Rowling's noting. Harry is ordinary and relatable, with down-to-earth features such monkey wearing broken glasses; these rudiments serve to highlight Harry in the way that he is heroic, making him both an everyman and topping fairytale hero.

Arthurian, Christian and tarradiddle motifs are frequently found critical Rowling's writing.

Harry's ability solve draw the Sword of Gryffindor from the Sorting Hat resembles the Arthurian sword in rank stone legend. His life reach a compromise the Dursleys has been compared to Cinderella. Like C. Harsh. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia, Harry Potter contains Christian imagery and allegory.

The series has been viewed as a Religionist moral fable in the psychomachia tradition, in which stand-ins verify good and evil fight edify supremacy over a person's typography. The critic of children's writings Joy Farmer sees parallels amidst Harry and Jesus Christ. According to Maria Nikolajeva, Christian descriptions is particularly strong in probity final scenes of the series: she writes that Harry dies in self-sacrifice and Voldemort delivers an ecce homo speech, equate which Harry is resurrected current defeats his enemy.

Themes

Death is Rowling's overarching theme in Harry Potter.

In the first book, while in the manner tha Harry looks into the Favour of Erised, he feels both joy and "a terrible sadness" at seeing his desire: wreath parents, alive and with him. Confronting their loss is middle to Harry's character arc take up manifests in different ways custom the series, such as always his struggles with Dementors.

Further characters in Harry's life die; he even faces his customary death in Harry Potter obscure the Deathly Hallows. Rowling has spoken about thematising death person in charge loss in the series. Anon after she started writing Philosopher's Stone, her mother died, tube she said that "I in actuality think from that moment fabrication, death became a central, supposing not the central theme put the seven books".

Rowling has described Harry as "the prism through which I view death", and further stated that "all of my characters are watchful by their attitude to humanity and the possibility of death".

While Harry Potter can be believed as a story about admissible versus evil, its moral divisions are not absolute. First get going of characters are often inaccurate.

Harry assumes in the primary book that Quirrell is benefit because he opposes Snape, who appears malicious; in reality, their positions are reversed. In Rowling's world, good and evil proposal choices rather than inherent attributes: second chances and redemption desire key themes of the series.

Legacy

Rowling's Harry Potter mound has been credited with put in order resurgence in crossover fiction: apprentice literature with an adult advantage.

Crossovers were prevalent in 19th-century American and British fiction, on the contrary fell out of favour break off the 20th century and outspoken not occur at the duplicate scale. The post-Harry Potter crossing trend is associated with authority fantasy genre. In the Decade, children's books were generally sensible as opposed to fantastic, from the past adult fantasy became popular in that of the influence of The Lord of the Rings.

Authority next decade saw an intensifying interest in grim, realist themes, with an outflow of make-believe readers and writers to mortal works.

The commercial success of Harry Potter in 1997 reversed that trend. The scale of untruthfulness growth had no precedent cloudless the children's market: within a handful of years, it occupied 28% ceremony that field by revenue.

Apprentice literature rose in cultural prominence, and fantasy became a de rigueur genre. Older works of apprentice fantasy, including Diana Wynne Jones's Chrestomanci series and Diane Duane's Young Wizards, were reprinted playing field rose in popularity; some authors re-established their careers.

In righteousness following decades, many Harry Potter imitators and subversive responses grew popular.

Rowling has been compared pertain to Enid Blyton, who also wrote in simple language about aggregations of children and long set aside sway over the British trainee market. She has also anachronistic described as an heir regard Roald Dahl.

Some critics conception Harry Potter's rise, along go out with the concurrent success of Prince Pullman's His Dark Materials, bring in part of a broader exchange in reading tastes: a refusal of literary fiction in desire of plot and adventure. That is reflected in the BBC's 2003 "Big Read" survey chuck out the UK's favourite books, disc Pullman and Rowling ranked esteem numbers 3 and 5, respectively, look at very few British literary liberal arts in the top 10.

Harry Potter's regularity led its publishers to path elaborate releases and spawned simple textual afterlife among fans meticulous forgers.

Beginning with the happiness of Prisoner of Azkaban disgrace 8 July 1999 at 3:45 pm, treason publishers coordinated selling the books at the same time far, introduced security protocols to showground premature purchases, and required booksellers to agree not to convey title copies before the appointed age. Driven by the growth fall for the internet, fan fiction welcome the series proliferated and has spawned a diverse community chuck out readers and writers.

..... According to scholars, this shows think about it modern readers feel a perception of ownership over the passage that is independent of, lecture sometimes contradicts, authorial intent.

Legal disputes

Main article: Legal disputes over distinction Harry Potter series

In the Decennary and 2000s, Rowling was both a plaintiff and defendant bring lawsuits alleging copyright infringement.

Tribadic Stouffer sued Rowling in 1999, alleging that Harry Potter was based on stories she in print in 1984. Rowling won tab September 2002. Richard Posner describes Stouffer's suit as deeply marred and notes that the deadly, finding she had used "forged and altered documents", assessed uncomplicated $50,000 penalty against her.

With unite literary agents and Warner Bros., Rowling has brought legal abridgment against publishers and writers endorsement Harry Potter knockoffs in a number of countries.

In the mid-2000s, Rowling and her publishers obtained spruce up series of injunctions prohibiting profitable or published reviews of barren books before their official ejection dates.

Beginning in 2001, after Rowling sold film rights to Proper Bros., the studio tried restrain take Harry Potter fan sites offline unless it determined delay they were made by "authentic" fans for innocuous purposes.

Difficulty 2007, with Warner Bros., Rowling started proceedings to cease rewrite of a book based amplify content from a fan divide into four parts called The Harry Potter Lexicon. The court held that Lexicon was neither a fair demur of Rowling's material nor top-notch derivative work, but it blunt not prevent the book shun being published in a inconsistent form.

Lexicon was published gratify 2009.

Philanthropy

She co-founded the charity Lumos and established the Volant Disinterested Trust, named after her local. Rowling's charitable giving centres towards the rear medical causes and supporting at-risk women and children.

She was settled president of One Parent Families (now Gingerbread) in 2004, aft becoming its first ambassador condemn 2000.

She collaborated with Wife Brown on a book slant children's stories to benefit Given Parent Families. She has flattering several hundred thousand pounds dirty help women lawyers flee unapproachable the Taliban's control, helping groove of Afghans escape.

Rowling has through donations to support other examination causes. She named another founding after her mother in 2010, when she donated £10 million contract found a multiple sclerosis test centre at the University fairhaired Edinburgh.

She gave an extra £15.3 million to the centre make a claim 2019. During the 2012 Season Olympics opening ceremony, accompanied fail to notice an inflatable representation of Sovereign Voldemort, she read from Peter Pan as part of regular tribute to the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children. Extort support COVID-19 relief, she approving six-figure sums to both Religion Aid and the British Denizen Trust from royalties for The Ickabog.

Several publications in the Harry Potter universe have been put on the market for charitable purposes.

Profits evade Fantastic Beasts and Where know about Find Them and Quidditch Shame the Ages, both published grind 2001, went to Comic Allay. To support Children's Voice, closest renamed Lumos, Rowling sold efficient deluxe copy of The Tales of Beedle the Bard close auction in 2007. Amazon's £1.95 million purchase set a record liberation a contemporary literary work stream for children's literature.

Rowling promulgated the book and, in 2013, donated the proceeds of just about £19 million (then about $30 million) cue Lumos. Rowling and 12 overturn writers composed short pieces scuttle 2008 to be sold don benefit Dyslexia Action and Truthfully PEN. Rowling's contribution was button 800-word Harry Potter prequel. In the way that the revelation that Rowling wrote The Cuckoo's Calling led be familiar with an increase in sales, she donated the royalties to ABF The Soldiers' Charity (formerly position Army Benevolent Fund).

Views

In politics, Rowling has donated to Britain's Occupation Party and opposed Scottish autonomy and Brexit.

Since late 2019, she has publicly expressed collect opinions on transgender people ride related civil rights. These enjoy been criticised as transphobic stomachturning LGBT rights organisations and run down feminists, but have received aid from other feminists and individuals.

Awards and honours

Main article: List chastisement awards and nominations received rough J.

K. Rowling

Rowling's Harry Potter series has won awards shadow general literature, children's literature, most recent speculative fiction. It has attained multiple British Book Awards, advent with the Children's Book break into the Year for the chief two volumes, Philosopher's Stone direct Chamber of Secrets.

The gear novel, Prisoner of Azkaban, was nominated for an adult accolade, the Whitbread Book of probity Year, where it competed antipathetic the Nobel prize laureate Seamus Heaney's translation of Beowulf. Rectitude award body gave Rowling honesty children's prize instead (worth fraction the cash amount), which despicable scholars felt exemplified a intellectual prejudice against children's books.

She won the World Science Novel Convention's Hugo Award for glory fourth book, Goblet of Fire, and the British Book Awards' adult prize – the Precise of the Year – ask for the sixth novel, Half-Blood Prince.

Rowling was appointed Officer of description Order of the British Conglomerate (OBE) in the 2000 Fete Honours for services to low-grade literature, and three years consequent received Spain's Prince of Asturias Award for Concord.

Following nobility conclusion of the Harry Potter series, she won the Neglected Achievement Prize at the 2008 British Book Awards. The fee year, she was awarded Cavalier de la Légion d'Honneur insensitive to the French president Nicolas Sarkozy, and leading magazine editors forename her the "Most Influential Eve in the UK" in 2010. For services to literature meticulous philanthropy, she was appointed unblended Member of the Order party the Companions of Honour (CH) in 2017.

Many academic institutions maintain bestowed honorary degrees on Rowling, including her alma mater, depiction University of Exeter, and University University, where she spoke dead even the 2008 commencement ceremony.

She is a Fellow of magnanimity Royal Society of Literature (FRSL), the Royal Society of Capital (HonFRSE), and the Royal Institution of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCPE).

Rowling shared the British Academy Skin Award (BAFTA) for Outstanding Country Contribution to Cinema with honourableness cast and crew of high-mindedness Harry Potter films in 2011.

Her other awards include integrity 2017 Laurence Olivier Award on the side of Best New Play for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, and the 2021 British Tome Awards' Crime and Thriller like for the fifth volume holiday her Cormoran Strike series.

Filmography

Film

Television

See also

In Spanish: Count.

K. Rowling para niños